Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate
Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate
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DOI：
10.1039/c8pp90060d
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Neale, R. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lucas, R. M.;Yazar, S.;Neale, R. E.
《蒙特利尔议定书》规定，由于平流层臭氧耗竭，到达地球表面的UV-B（280-315纳米）辐射增加有限。然而，在大多数浅肤色人群中，皮肤癌的发病率继续增加，这可能主要是由于危险的日晒行为。在有长期强防晒计划的地区，年轻年龄组的发病率正在下降。由于缺乏数据，紫外线引起的眼病的流行病学变化尚不清楚。暴露于紫外线辐射下会导致白内障、翼状胬肉和可能的老年性黄斑变性；这些是全世界视力受损的主要原因。光性皮肤病和药物的光毒性反应并不罕见；后者的管理包括处方医师对风险的认识。暴露在紫外线辐射下有益于健康，因为它会在皮肤中产生维生素D，并调节免疫功能。后者对牛皮癣等皮肤病有益，也可能对多发性硬化症等系统性自身免疫性疾病有益。可以通过适当的防晒措施来减轻阳光照射的健康风险，例如既具有良好的紫外线阻隔特性又具有足够的皮肤覆盖度的衣服、太阳镜、遮阳物和防晒霜。新的防晒制剂可以防止更广泛的太阳辐射，但这对健康是否有益尚不清楚。由于知识上的差距，很难得出以证据为基础的防晒建议，以平衡阳光照射的风险和益处。
The Montreal Protocol has limited increases in the UV-B (280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nevertheless, the incidence of skin cancers continues to increase in most light-skinned populations, probably due mainly to risky sun exposure behaviour. In locations with strong sun protection programs of long duration, incidence is now reducing in younger age groups. Changes in the epidemiology of UV-induced eye diseases are less clear, due to a lack of data. Exposure to UV radiation plays a role in the development of cataracts, pterygium and possibly age-related macular degeneration; these are major causes of visual impairment world-wide. Photodermatoses and phototoxic reactions to drugs are not uncommon; management of the latter includes recognition of the risks by the prescribing physician. Exposure to UV radiation has benefits for health through the production of vitamin D in the skin and modulation of immune function. The latter has benefits for skin diseases such as psoriasis and possibly for systemic autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The health risks of sun exposure can be mitigated through appropriate sun protection, such as clothing with both good UV-blocking characteristics and adequate skin coverage, sunglasses, shade, and sunscreen. New sunscreen preparations provide protection against a broader spectrum of solar radiation, but it is not clear that this has benefits for health. Gaps in knowledge make it difficult to derive evidence-based sun protection advice that balances the risks and benefits of sun exposure.