Heuristic Versus Optimal Charging of Supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion, and Lead-Acid Batteries: An Efficiency Point of View
Heuristic Versus Optimal Charging of Supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion, and Lead-Acid Batteries: An Efficiency Point of View
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DOI：
10.1109/tcst.2017.2665540
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Y. Parvini;A. Vahidi;S. A. Fayazi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Parvini;A. Vahidi;S. A. Fayazi
储能系统广泛应用于电动汽车、可再生能源发电和电子设备等领域。虽然放电事件是电力需求的函数，但充电过程通常是可控的。本文对独立超级电容器(SC)、锂离子(Li-ion)和铅酸蓄电池的不同充电策略进行了评估。建立了恒功率和最优充电策略，得到了相应的充电电流。对不同充电策略和充电时间(慢充电和快充电)进行了效率分析。所有模块的相同目标函数都是利用庞特里亚金最小原理使给定充电时间内的阻性损耗最小化。对于SC情况，存在一个解析解，即恒流充电。在铅酸化学中，总内阻随荷态的变化是相当大的，最优充电问题归结为两点边值问题。在锂离子电池的情况下，该模型既包括电子电阻，也包括极化电阻。此外，为了研究温度对锂离子电池最优充电的影响，建立了一个三态电热模型的约束最优控制问题，并用动态规划法进行了求解。
Electrical energy storage systems are extensively utilized in applications, including electrified vehicles, renewable power generation, and electronic devices. While discharging events are a function of the power demand, the charging procedure is often controllable. This paper evaluates different charging strategies for stand-alone supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lead-acid batteries. Constant power and optimal charging strategies are formulated and the corresponding charging currents are obtained. Efficiency analysis for different charging strategies and charging times (slow and fast) is performed. The identical objective function for all modules is to minimize the resistive losses during a given charging time by utilizing Pontryagin’s minimum principle. An analytical solution exists for the SC case, which is constant current charging. The variation of the total internal resistance with state of charge in lead-acid chemistry is considerable, and the optimal charging problem results in a two-point boundary value problem. In case of the Li-ion battery, the model includes the electronic as well as polarization resistance. Furthermore, in order to investigate the influence of temperature on the optimal charging of the Li-ion battery, a constrained optimal control problem for a three state electrothermal model is formulated and solved using dynamic programming.