The quantitative development of Germany’s international trade during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
The quantitative development of Germany’s international trade during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
复制标题
十八世纪和十九世纪初德国国际贸易的发展
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
U. Pfister
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
U. Pfister
这项研究收集了间接证据，以确定18世纪德国的国际贸易模式。主要成果包括：（1）从18世纪30年代到18世纪90年代初，德国的国际贸易按真实的价格计算以每年1%或略低的速度增长。由于国内生产总值每年增长约0.5%，这意味着开放程度的提高。(2)殖民地商品的进口，尤其是糖和咖啡，以每年略低于2%的速度增长，这表明德国参与了大西洋经济的发展。(3)在这一时期，棉花的进口被替代，到世纪末，棉织品的出口部分弥补了主要出口产品亚麻贸易增长缓慢的影响。贸易增长似乎是由于更多地利用季节性就业不足的劳动力来生产出口制成品，并在农业边际劳动生产率下降的情况下稳定了人均收入。
The study assembles indirect evidence to establish the patterns of international trade in eighteenth-century Germany. Major results include: (1) International trade of Germany expanded at an annual rate of 1 per cent or slightly less in real terms between the 1730s and the early 1790s. Since GDP grew by about 0.5 per cent p. a. this implies an increase in openness. (2) Imports of colonial goods, most notably sugar and coffee, expanded at slightly less than 2 per cent p. a., which suggests that Germany participated in the development of the Atlantic economy. (3) The period saw import substitution of cottons, and towards the end of the eighteenth century exports of cotton goods partially compensated for sluggish growth of trade in linen, the chief export product. Trade growth seems to have resulted from an increased utilization of seasonally underemployed labour for the production of manufactures for export and contributed to the stabilization of per capita incomes in face of declining marginal labour productivity in agriculture.