Bullying among nurses.
Bullying among nurses.
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DOI：
10.1097/01.naj.0000344039.11651.08
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Dellasega, Cheryl A
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作者：
Dellasega, Cheryl A
由BhDMf 5ePHKbH 4 TTImqenVA + lpWIIBvonhQl 60 Etgtdnn 9 T1 vLQWJq/+ R2 O 4Kjt 58于2023年11月30日下载成为关系攻击的受害者或肇事者。挪威一项针对助理护士的大型调查发现，男性受访者报告在工作中遭受欺凌的可能性是女性受访者的两倍多。14]可使.目前还不清楚为什么女孩和妇女更喜欢关系攻击而不是身体攻击。有一种理论认为，女性在生理上对压力的反应可能与男性不同。在分析了动物和人类的研究后，泰勒和同事们提出了一个理论，即尽管两性都可以表现出战斗或逃跑的压力反应，这被认为主要是由睾丸激素激活的，但女性更倾向于使用“照顾和交友”，这是一种基于催产素和其他女性激素引发的依恋和依恋行为的反应。[15]他们还认为，由于女性的攻击性（“打架”）较少受到睾丸激素的调节，因此其表现往往更多地是社会性的和“大脑性的”，而不是身体性的。一些研究者关注关系攻击的发展起源。根据Archer和Cote的评论，女孩往往比男孩更倾向于使用间接和关系形式的欺凌，并且在很小的时候就表现出这种偏好（一项大型研究发现，这种偏好在两岁的女孩中存在）。[16]克里克和他的同事们得出结论，尽管有一些不同的发现，但研究总体上表明，关系型攻击是一种真正的社会行为，而不是身体暴力。7有时候它被描述为间接或隐蔽的欺凌，但这可能会误导;例如，当面称同事“不称职”是一种关系攻击，但它不是隐蔽的。有些人使用横向或水平暴力来描述护士在工作场所之间的攻击行为，8-10但这些术语似乎过于局限;它们指的是同一等级水平的人之间的攻击行为，而关系攻击也可能发生在不同级别的人之间，如高级护士欺负新毕业生。关系攻击可以延伸到工作时间和就业时间之外，可以发生在个人或网络空间。人们普遍认为，男孩和男子更经常通过身体暴力表达攻击，女孩和妇女则通过人格诽谤、羞辱、背叛信任和排斥表达攻击，11所有这些都是关系攻击的特征。造成这种差异的原因尚不清楚。因为在美国的300万注册护士中只有6%是男性，12，13我认为关系攻击是护士欺凌的主要形式。[编者注：由于关系攻击主要发生在女性中，而且大多数护士都是女性，因此本文使用女性代词。但男人也可以
Downloaded from by BhDMf5ePHKbH4TTImqenVA+ lpWIIBvonhQl60Etgtdnn9T1vLQWJq/+ R2O4Kjt58 on 11/30/2023 be victims or perpetrators of relational aggression. One large Norwegian survey of assistant nurses found that male respondents were more than twice as likely to report exposure to bullying at work than were female respondents. 14] Causes. It’s unclear why girls and women favor relational over physical aggression. One theory is that females may be biologically hardwired to respond to stress differently than males. After analyzing both animal and human studies, Taylor and colleagues theorized that whereas both sexes can exhibit the fight-or-flight stress response, which is believed to be activated largely by testosterone, females are more inclined to use “tend-and-befriend,” a response based on caregiving and attachment behaviors triggered by oxytocin and other female hormones. 15 They also argue that because female aggression (“fight”) is mediated less by testosterone, it tends to be more social and “cerebral” than physical in its expression. Some researchers have focused on the developmental origins of relational aggression. According to a review by Archer and Cote, girls tend to use more indirect and relational forms of bullying than boys and to display this preference quite young (one large study found evidence of this predilection in girls as young as two years of age). 16 And Crick and colleagues concluded that, despite some mixed findings, the research overall has demonstrated that relational aggression is ical and social behaviors rather than physical violence to cause harm. 7 It’s sometimes characterized as indirect or covert bullying, but that can be misleading; for example, calling a coworker “incompetent” to her face is a form of relational aggression, but it isn’t covert. Some use the term lateral or horizontal violence to describe aggression between nurses in the workplace, 8-10 but these terms seem too limiting; they refer to aggression between people at the same hierarchical level, whereas relational aggression can also occur between people at different levels, as when senior nurses bully new graduates. Relational aggression can extend beyond working hours and the time of employment and can occur in person or in cyberspace.It’s generally accepted that boys and men express aggression more often through physical violence and that girls and women express it through character defamation, humiliation, betrayal of trust, and exclusion, 11 all of which are characteristic of relational aggression. The reasons for this difference aren’t well understood. Because only about 6% of the 3 million RNs in the United States are men, 12, 13 I surmise that relational aggression is the predominant form of bullying among nurses.[Editor’s note: Because relational aggression occurs mainly among women and most nurses are female, this article uses female pronouns. But men can also