Chapter 23 An 1800-year Ice Core History of Climate and Environment in the Andes of Southern Peru and its Relationship with Highland / Lowland Cultural Oscillations
Chapter 23 An 1800-year Ice Core History of Climate and Environment in the Andes of Southern Peru and its Relationship with Highland / Lowland Cultural Oscillations
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第23章秘鲁南部安第斯山脉1800年冰芯气候和环境历史及其与高地/低地文化振荡的关系
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
M. Davis
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作者：
L. Thompson;M. Davis
气候是人类生存的一个基本和独立的变量，也是塑造人类社会居住的自然景观的一个因素。在1532年西班牙人到来之前，南美洲的人类活动记录中有丰富的考古遗迹，但由于缺乏破译的书面语言，重建它的过程受到阻碍。通过对南美洲热带地区前殖民文明遗址的发掘，考古学家已经能够挖掘出有关这些地区文化的年表和活动的信息。气候变化可能在这些文明的兴起和衰落中发挥了重要作用，因为沿海和高地人口主要是农业人口，并且位于气候敏感区。沿海文化严重依赖可靠的水供应，而高地文化，位于农业的上限附近，对降水和温度的变化很敏感（Paulsen 1976; Kolata 1986）。本文提供了一个气候和环境背景的印加景观，作为一个背景的安第斯概念的研究“ushnu”（Zuidema，本卷）。除了丰富的文化历史，热带南美洲还包含许多类型的过去气候和环境变化档案。其中一些证据可以从安第斯山脉地区的冰原中提取出来，该地区拥有世界上70%以上的热带冰川。由于冰川有能力记录如此多的气候和环境指标，它们是我们最好的气候变化档案之一。在这里，我们提出了1800年的温度和降水代理记录提取的冰芯钻通过位于秘鲁高原南部的奎尔卡亚冰帽。这些历史有助于揭示前殖民时代气候与沿海和高地文化兴衰之间的潜在关系，重点是印加帝国之前和期间。我们提出的证据都decadalandcentury长度的“厄尔尼诺”振荡和作用，他们可能发挥了在高地和沿海文化的兴衰在秘鲁的汤普森等。1994年，并重新审查使用新的高分辨率冰芯记录在2003年恢复。这些记录是在前印加帝国境内的一个地方发现的，距离印加首都库斯科不到100公里。
Climate is a fundamental and independent variable for human existence, as well as a factor in shaping the physical landscape within which human societies dwell. The record of human activities in South America before the arrival of the Spanish in 1532 is rich in archaeological remains but the process of reconstructing it is hampered by the lack of deciphered written languages. Through excavations of sites of precolonial civilisations in tropical South America, archaeologists have been able to unearth information about the chronology and activities of cultures in these regions. Climate variability may have played a significant role in the rise and fall of these civilisations, given that both coastal and highland populations were largely agrarian and located in climatically sensitive zones. The coastal cultures were heavily dependent on reliable water supplies, while the highland cultures, located near the upper limits of agriculture, were sensitive to variations in both precipitation and temperature (Paulsen 1976; Kolata 1986). This paper provides a climatic and environmental context of the Inca landscape that serves as a backdrop for the study of the Andean concept of ‘ushnu’ (Zuidema, this volume). In addition to rich cultural histories, tropical South America contains many types of archives of past climate and environmental change. Some of this evidence can be extracted from the ice fields of the Andes region, which contains over 70% of the world’s tropical glaciers. Because they have the capacity to record so many climatic and environmental indicators, glaciers serve as one of our best archives of climate change. Here we present 1800-year temperature and precipitation proxy records extracted from an ice core drilled through the Quelccaya ice cap located on the southern Peruvian altiplano. These histories help reveal the potential relationships between climate and the rise and fall of coastal and highland cultures in precolonial times, with emphasis on the period leading up to and during the Inca Empire. We present evidence for both decadaland century-length ‘El Niño-like’ oscillations and the role they may have played in the rise and fall of highland and coastal cultures in Peru as was argued in Thompson et al. 1994 and re-examined using new high-resolution ice core records recovered in 2003. It is serendipitous that these records were recovered from a location within the boundaries of the former Inca Empire, located less than ~100 km from the Inca capital of Cusco.