Hidden among Sea Anemones: The First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) Reveals a Novel Group of Hexacorals
Hidden among Sea Anemones: The First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) Reveals a Novel Group of Hexacorals
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隐藏在海葵之中：首次对海葵目（刺胞动物门、珊瑚虫门、六珊瑚纲）进行全面的系统发育重建揭示了一个新的六珊瑚类群
作者：
E. Rodríguez;M. Barbeitos;M. Brugler;L. Crowley;Alejandro Grajales;L. Gusmão;V. Häussermann;A. Reft;M. Daly
海葵(猕猴桃亚目)是六角珊瑚亚纲中最多样化和最成功的成员之一，占据着所有深度和纬度的海底海洋栖息地。猕猴桃由大约1,200种单生和无骨骼的息肉组成，缺乏任何解剖同形。尽管基于蛇床纲较高水平的分子系统发育预测到了单系性，但到目前为止，单系性还没有得到明确的检验，至少一些关于六角纲多样性的假说表明，爬行动物是准系或多系系。已发表的系统发育已证明猕猴桃亚纲现有的基于形态的分类是不充分的。超科类群和大多数经过严格研究的科和属都不是单系分类，这与目前的系统分类相冲突。我们利用两个核基因和三个线粒体基因，采用多种分析方法对猕猴桃的单性进行了检验。这些分析首次包括了猕猴桃亚目中目前公认的所有三个亚目的代表。我们没有恢复猕猴桃属作为一个单系支系：深海海葵Boloceroididae以前包括在亚目Boloceroidaria中，在几个分析中被解析到Actiniaria之外。我们建立了一个新的属和科，并将这个分类群命名为Incerti odulis。在全面系统发育的基础上，我们提出了猕猴桃亚目的一个新的正式的高级分类，该分类只由两个亚目组成，即菊花亚科和菊花亚科。菊花亚目包括具有独特的肠系膜排列的动植物(爱德华亚目和以前的肠系膜亚目成员)。线虫亚目包括具有典型的脊椎动物肠系膜排列的线虫亚目(原原虫亚目、原尾虫亚目和跳虫亚目及其亚群的成员)。我们还在这两个新建立的子序中建立了子群。尽管这些新定义的类群之间的一些关系仍然不明确，但形态和分子结果是一致的，足以继续进行新的更高级别的分类，并讨论猕猴桃属几个形态属性的假定功能和进化意义。
Sea anemones (order Actiniaria) are among the most diverse and successful members of the anthozoan subclass Hexacorallia, occupying benthic marine habitats across all depths and latitudes. Actiniaria comprises approximately 1,200 species of solitary and skeleton-less polyps and lacks any anatomical synapomorphy. Although monophyly is anticipated based on higher-level molecular phylogenies of Cnidaria, to date, monophyly has not been explicitly tested and at least some hypotheses on the diversification of Hexacorallia have suggested that actiniarians are para- or poly-phyletic. Published phylogenies have demonstrated the inadequacy of existing morphological-based classifications within Actiniaria. Superfamilial groups and most families and genera that have been rigorously studied are not monophyletic, indicating conflict with the current hierarchical classification. We test the monophyly of Actiniaria using two nuclear and three mitochondrial genes with multiple analytical methods. These analyses are the first to include representatives of all three currently-recognized suborders within Actiniaria. We do not recover Actiniaria as a monophyletic clade: the deep-sea anemone Boloceroides daphneae, previously included within the infraorder Boloceroidaria, is resolved outside of Actiniaria in several of the analyses. We erect a new genus and family for B. daphneae, and rank this taxon incerti ordinis. Based on our comprehensive phylogeny, we propose a new formal higher-level classification for Actiniaria composed of only two suborders, Anenthemonae and Enthemonae. Suborder Anenthemonae includes actiniarians with a unique arrangement of mesenteries (members of Edwardsiidae and former suborder Endocoelantheae). Suborder Enthemonae includes actiniarians with the typical arrangement of mesenteries for actiniarians (members of former suborders Protantheae, Ptychodacteae, and Nynantheae and subgroups therein). We also erect subgroups within these two newly-erected suborders. Although some relationships among these newly-defined groups are still ambiguous, morphological and molecular results are consistent enough to proceed with a new higher-level classification and to discuss the putative functional and evolutionary significance of several morphological attributes within Actiniaria.
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Brugler, Mercer R.;France, Scott C.
通讯作者：
France, Scott C.