FLIGHT CONTROL IN DROSOPHILA BY VISUAL PERCEPTION OF MOTION
FLIGHT CONTROL IN DROSOPHILA BY VISUAL PERCEPTION OF MOTION
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00272517
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发表时间：
1968-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
GOTZ, KG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
GOTZ, KG
在被拴住的果蝇的视觉系统中，通过将移动的条纹图案投射到位于眼睛外侧区域前面的静止屏幕上，来模拟明显的运动。记录动物在静止空气中静止飞行条件下的反应。研究发现，视觉刺激独立地改变了飞行系统的扭矩和推力。针对视觉飞行控制的感觉系统，建立了如下内容：1.双眼在功能上相等，并且对任何方向的图案运动敏感。2.运动检测单元在眼表上具有一定的方向性，3.前进和倒退刺激在飞行系统中引起相反的反应。4.亚单位方向应该至少在两个不同的方向上分组，这两个方向与眼睛内部结构共享一条共同的对称线。5.视觉系统和运动系统之间至少需要两个对侧和两个同侧神经连接才能产生不同的扭矩和推力反应。考虑到模式运动对飞行系统的影响，发现以下几点：1.运动检测器只控制飞行力的大小。当被拴在静止的空气中时，力矢量的倾斜度保持不变。2.因此，拍击平面和翼距应该不受视觉刺激的影响。3.通过频率测量排除了模式运动对翅膀节拍频率的可能影响。4.翅膀关节中唯一对模式运动做出反应的主要变量是昆虫两侧的翅膀节拍幅度。飞行中的照片显示，这些幅度的差值和总和实际上代表了飞行系统的扭矩和推力。随着飞行速度的提高，身体姿势的反应可能会对飞行性能变得重要。与家蝇的比较实验表明，至少有两种不同的物种采用了视觉独立控制扭矩和推力的原理。
Apparent motion was simulated in the visual system of the tethered fruitflyDrosophila melanogasterby projecting moving stripe patterns onto stationary screens positioned in front of the lateral eye regions. The reactions of the animal were recorded under conditions of stationary flight in still air. It was found that visual stimulation modifies, independently, torque and thrust of the flight system. The responses appear suitable to counteract involuntary changes of direction and altitude in free flight.Concerning the sensory system for visual flight control, the following was established:1.Both eyes are functionally equal, and sensitive to pattern motion in any direction.2.The motion detecting subunits possess a certain orientation on the eye surface, and discriminate between pattern motions that are progressive or regressive relative to this orientation.3.Progressive and regressive stimuli elicit opposite responses in the flight system.4.The subunit orientations are expected to group in at least two different directions that share a common line of symmetry with the internal eye structure.5.A minimum of two contralateral and two ipsilateral nerve connections between the visual system and the motor system is required for the various torque and thrust responses.Concerning the effect of pattern motion on the flight system, the following was found:1.The motion detectors control only the magnitude of the force of flight. With the tethered animal in still air, the inclination of the force vector remains constant.2.Consequently, the stroke plane and the wing pitch should be invariant to visual stimulation.3.Possible influences of pattern motion on the wing-beat frequency were ruled out by frequency measurements.4.The only major variables in wing articulation that respond to pattern motion are the wing-beat amplitudes on either side of the insect. In-flight photographs show that the difference and the sum of these amplitudes are, in fact, representative for the torque and the thrust of the flight system. The responses of the body posture may become important to flight performance at increased airspeed.Comparative experiments with the houseflyMusca domesticaindicate that the principle of independent torque and thrust control by vision is adopted in at least two different species.