Streambed exchanges along tributary streams in humid watersheds
Streambed exchanges along tributary streams in humid watersheds
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DOI：
10.1002/wrcr.20194
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发表时间：
2013-04
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
J. Constantz;C. Eddy-Miller;J. Wheeler;H. Essaid
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Constantz;C. Eddy-Miller;J. Wheeler;H. Essaid
支流从源头直接流向山谷轴线的主干，代表了一种重要的一般河流类型，具有高表面积和体积以及沿其大部分长度的高河床交换。这些特征强烈影响支流的水量和水质，以及底层地下水，并最终影响干流。支流可被描述为由高地、中部和远端河段组成，每条河床交换的时间趋势因其沿支流的空间位置而独特。在这项工作中，对早期工作中报告的热追踪和水力监测进行了分析，以比较怀俄明州鱼溪（美国）沿线的地表水/地下水河床交换模式，这是一条经过充分研究的潮湿流域的支流。分析结果表明，复合热/水力技术成功区分了特定河段的河床交换，以区分蛇河上方鱼溪沿线的高地、中部和远端河段。高地和中河段河床交换主要是与一般水流正常的垂直和水平河床交换，而远端河段河床交换幅度较小，且与水流方向更纵向。根据接近主干的一般下游沉积物细化，基于热的河床水力传导率在高地河段最高（且各向同性），在远端河段最低（且强各向异性）。这些独特的河段模式应该显示出一般的转移价值，因为一般的支流河床交换模式预计会受到靠近高地河段的源头、中央河段的冲积充填物内的缓冲以及靠近远端河段的主干的影响。
Tributary streams flow from the headwaters directly to the main stem in the valley axis and represent an important general stream type with high surface areas to volume and high streambed exchanges along much of their length. These characteristics strongly influence water quantity and quality in tributary streams, as well as the underlying groundwater and, eventually, the main stem. Tributary streams can be described as consisting of upland, central, and distal reaches, each with temporal trends in streambed exchanges unique to their spatial position along the tributary stream. In this work, thermal tracing and hydraulic monitoring reported in earlier works have been analyzed to compare surface‐water/groundwater streambed exchange patterns along Fish Creek Wyoming (US), a well‐studied tributary stream in a humid watershed. Results of this analysis demonstrate that composite thermal/hydraulic techniques successfully differentiated reach‐specific streambed exchanges to distinguish upland, central, and distal reaches along Fish Creek above the Snake River. The upland and central reaches streambed exchanges were primarily vertical and horizontal streambed exchanges normal to general streamflow, while the distal reach streambed exchanges were lower in magnitude and more longitudinal in the same direction as streamflow. Heat‐based streambed hydraulic conductivities were highest (and isotropic) for the upland reach and lowest (and strongly anisotropic) for the distal reach, in accordance with general downstream sediment fining approaching a main stem. These distinct reach patterns should show general transfer value, since general tributary streambed exchange patterns are expected to be influenced by proximity to headwaters in the upland reach, by buffering within alluvial fill in the central reach, and by proximity to the main stem in the distal reach.