Comparative Toxicity of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers to Caenorhabditis elegans
Comparative Toxicity of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers to Caenorhabditis elegans
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DOI：
10.1093/toxsci/kfw162
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发表时间：
2016-12-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Boyd, Windy A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Behl, Mamta;Rice, Julie R.;Boyd, Windy A.
由于担心多溴联苯醚（PBDE）阻燃剂的潜在发育毒性而逐步淘汰，有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）等替代化合物的使用有所增加。目前可获得的毒性数据有限，无法估计OPFRs对健康的潜在不利影响。比较了3种多溴二苯醚和3,3',5,5'-四溴双酚A 4种溴化阻燃剂与6种芳香型OPFRs和2种脂肪族OPFRs的毒理学效应。这些化学物质的作用是用秀丽隐杆线虫的3个生物学终点（进食、幼虫发育和繁殖）来确定的。由于秀丽隐杆线虫的发育对线粒体功能敏感，因此将结果与体外线粒体膜渗透（MMP）试验的结果进行了比较。总的来说，12种阻燃剂中有11种在线虫的1个或多个生物终点都有活性，只有三（2-氯乙基）磷酸在所有终点都没有活性，包括体外MMP试验。对于线虫的2个终点，至少1种OPFR具有与多溴二苯醚相似的毒性：磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）抑制幼虫发育的水平与3种多溴二苯醚相当；而TPHP和异丙基苯酚磷酸酯（IPP）对秀丽隐杆线虫繁殖的影响水平与PBDE的商业混合物DE-71相似。在较低浓度下，多溴二苯醚比任何一种OPFR都能减少秀丽隐杆线虫的摄食。此外，11种抑制秀丽隐杆线虫幼虫发育的化学物质中有9种也引起了显著的线粒体毒性。这些结果表明，一些替代的芳香族opfr可能具有与多溴二苯醚相当的毒性水平。
With the phasing-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants due to concerns regarding their potential developmental toxicity, the use of replacement compounds such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased. Limited toxicity data are currently available to estimate the potential adverse health effects of the OPFRs. The toxicological effects of 4 brominated flame retardants, including 3 PBDEs and 3,3', 5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A, were compared with 6 aromatic OPFRs and 2 aliphatic OPFRs. The effects of these chemicals were determined using 3 biological endpoints in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (feeding, larval development, and reproduction). Because C. elegans development was previously reported to be sensitive to mitochondrial function, results were compared with those from an in vitro mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) assay. Overall 11 of the 12 flame retardants were active in 1 or more C. elegans biological endpoints, with only tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate inactive across all endpoints including the in vitro MMP assay. For 2 of the C. elegans endpoints, at least 1 OPFR had similar toxicity to the PBDEs: triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) inhibited larval development at levels comparable to the 3 PBDEs; whereas TPHP and isopropylated phenol phosphate (IPP) affected C. elegans reproduction at levels similar to the PBDE commercial mixture, DE-71. The PBDEs reduced C. elegans feeding at lower concentrations than any OPFR. In addition, 9 of the 11 chemicals that inhibited C. elegans larval development also caused significant mitochondrial toxicity. These results suggest that some of the replacement aromatic OPFRs may have levels of toxicity comparable to PBDEs.