Comparing the Environmental Integrity of Emission Reductions from REDD Programs with Renewable Energy Projects
Comparing the Environmental Integrity of Emission Reductions from REDD Programs with Renewable Energy Projects
复制标题
REDD 计划与可再生能源项目减排的环境完整性的比较
作者：
A. Espejo;Maria Catalina Becerra;N. Aguilar
减少毁林和森林退化提供了一个减缓气候变化的机会，这对实现《巴黎协定》目标和降低大气中温室气体浓度至关重要。减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量（降排）通过非市场支付（不产生碳信用额的支付）或基于市场的机制（碳信用额），为发展中国家减少毁林和森林退化提供了基于成果的财政激励。REDD信用最近已被接受用于抵消计划（例如，CORSIA），并正在第6条下审议。然而，各种出版物质疑是否应在市场机制下接受降排产生的碳信用额，并指出了关于其环境完整性及其抵消其他部门排放的能力的问题。近年来，REDD的实施已从项目一级转移到国家或国家以下（管辖）一级，并正在解决对项目一级干预措施提出的一些关切，例如基线的稳健性和渗漏问题。在本文中，我们比较了环境完整性的信用从REDD计划与上网的可再生能源项目的永久性，额外性，基线，不确定性和泄漏相关的方面进行检查。我们表明，来自REDD计划的减排量的环境完整性具有独特的优势，而来自可再生能源项目的减排量也有其自身的弱点。可能是由于对这两种信用来源各自的弱点和优点缺乏了解，REDD计划的减排量历来受到质疑，并受到一定程度的审查，而其他部门的减排量，如可再生能源项目。认识到这两种类型减排的优势和劣势应有助于决策者和碳标准认识到REDD计划的高质量减排，并使目前的要求或限制合理化。
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation presents a climate-change mitigation opportunity that is critical to meeting the Paris Agreement goals, and to achieving reductions in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) provides developing countries with results-based financial incentives for reducing deforestation and forest degradation through either non-market payments (payments without generation of carbon credits), or market-based mechanisms (carbon credits). REDD credits have been recently accepted to be used in offsetting programs (e.g., CORSIA) and are being considered under Article 6. However, various publications have questioned whether carbon credits from REDD should be accepted under market-based mechanisms, and have identified issues regarding their environmental integrity and their ability to offset emissions from other sectors. In recent years, REDD implementation has moved from the project level to the national or subnational (jurisdictional) level, and is addressing some of the concerns that have been raised for project-level interventions regarding the robustness of baselines and leakage, for example. In this paper we compare the environmental integrity of credits from REDD programs with that from on-grid renewable energy projects by examining aspects related to permanence, additionality, baselines, uncertainty, and leakage. We show that the environmental integrity of emission reductions sourced from REDD programs has unique strengths, and that those sourced from renewable energy projects have weaknesses of their own. Probably due to a lack of understanding of the respective weaknesses and strengths of these two sources of credits, the emission reductions from REDD programs have been historically questioned and subjected to a level of scrutiny that has not been made with emission reductions from other sectors, such as renewable energy projects. Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of emission reductions from both types should help decision makers and carbon standards recognize the high quality of emission reductions from REDD programs, and rationalize the current requirements or restrictions imposed.