Adult cognitive ability and socioeconomic status as mediators of the effects of childhood disadvantage on salivary cortisol in aging adults.
Adult cognitive ability and socioeconomic status as mediators of the effects of childhood disadvantage on salivary cortisol in aging adults.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.001
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发表时间：
2013-10
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kremen WS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Franz CE;Spoon K;Thompson W;Hauger RL;Hellhammer DH;Jacobson KC;Lupien S;Lyons MJ;McCaffery J;McKenzie R;Mendoza SP;Panizzon MS;Ramundo A;Shahroudi A;Kremen WS
在这项纵向研究中，我们调查了童年不利中年下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴调节的影响。早期生活压力可能影响后期病理生理的两种机制是通过其对认知功能或后期社会经济（SES）劣势的影响。我们预测，青年认知能力和中年社会经济地位的个体差异将介导童年劣势对中年皮质醇的影响。在每三个非连续的日子，参与者提供了五个唾液皮质醇样本对应于他们的昼夜节律（N = 727人，平均年龄55岁，SD = 2.6）。我们计算了皮质醇调节的三个指标（反映白天皮质醇总输出的皮质醇曲线下面积;皮质醇唤醒反应;和起床斜率），在多天内平均每个指标的得分。儿童的不利条件结合了以前使用的四个二分法指标：父亲社会经济地位低;母亲教育程度低于12年级; 18岁之前家庭破裂/分离;家庭规模大（兄弟姐妹超过5个）。这两种介质是在20岁时评估的一般认知能力的量度，并且达到中年SES的最高水平。来自更弱势童年的男性在中年时更有可能出现皮质醇失调，在童年经历数十年后，白天皮质醇水平更高。童年不利条件的影响既有直接的，也有间接的。然而，认知能力和成人SES仅部分介导了早期生活压力和中年皮质醇之间的关联。具体的间接影响占儿童不利[β = 0.12（0.05; 0.18）]对总日间皮质醇影响的33.8%。在考虑种族、吸烟状况和自我报告的抑郁症状后，相关性仍然显着。
In this longitudinal study we investigate the influence of childhood disadvantage on midlife hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Two mechanisms by which early life stress may affect later pathophysiology are through its influence on cognitive functioning or later socioeconomic (SES) disadvantage. We predicted that individual differences in young adult cognitive ability and midlife SES would mediate the influence of childhood disadvantage on midlife cortisol. On each of three nonconsecutive days, participants provided five salivary cortisol samples corresponding to their diurnal rhythm (N = 727 men; mean age 55, SD = 2.6). We calculated three measures of cortisol regulation (area-under-the curve cortisol reflecting total daytime cortisol output; cortisol-awakening-response; and wake-to-bed slope), averaging scores for each measure across multiple days. Childhood disadvantage combined four dichotomous indicators used previously by: father low SES; mother education less than 12th grade; major family disruption/separation before age 18; and large family size (more than 5 siblings). The two mediators were a measure of general cognitive ability assessed at age 20 and highest achieved midlife SES. Men from more disadvantaged childhoods were significantly more likely to have dysregulated cortisol at midlife, with higher daytime cortisol levels decades after their childhood experience. Effects of childhood disadvantage were both direct and indirect. Cognitive ability and adult SES, however, only partially mediated the associations between early life stress and midlife cortisol. Specific indirect effects accounted for 33.8% of the total effect of childhood disadvantage [β = 0.12 (0.05; 0.18)] on total daytime cortisol. Associations remained significant after accounting for ethnicity, smoking status, and self-reported depressive symptoms.