Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance.
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance.
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DOI：
10.1002/047147844x.gw2107
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发表时间：
2002-03
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Herbert T. Buxton;D. Kolpin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Herbert T. Buxton;D. Kolpin
为了对水资源中药物、激素及其他有机废水污染物（OWCs）的存在情况进行首次全国性的勘查，美国地质调查局在1999年至2000年期间，使用五种新开发的分析方法，对来自30个州的139条河流组成的网络中的水样中的95种OWCs浓度进行了测量。采样地点的选择偏向于易受污染的河流（即高度城市化和畜牧生产的下游）。在这项研究中，OWCs很普遍，在80%的采样河流中都有发现。检测到的化合物代表了广泛的住宅、工业和农业来源及用途，在这项研究中发现了95种OWCs中的82种。最常检测到的化合物是粪甾醇（粪便类固醇）、胆固醇（动植物类固醇）、N,N - 二乙基甲苯酰胺（驱虫剂）、咖啡因（兴奋剂）、三氯生（抗菌消毒剂）、磷酸三（2 - 氯乙基）酯（阻燃剂）和4 - 壬基酚（非离子洗涤剂代谢物）。这项研究中测量到的浓度普遍较低，很少超过饮用水标准、饮用水健康建议值或水生生物标准。然而，许多化合物并没有此类标准。在这项研究中，多种OWCs被检测到是很常见的，在一个给定的水样中，中位数为7种，多达38种OWCs被发现。对于环境中OWCs的复杂混合物可能产生的潜在相互作用（如协同或拮抗毒性）知之甚少。此外，这项研究的结果表明，获取代谢物数据不仅对于充分了解OWCs在水文系统中的归宿和迁移，而且对于了解它们对人类健康和环境的最终总体影响都非常重要。
To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.