Small-animal optical imaging.
Small-animal optical imaging.
复制标题
小动物光学成像。
DOI：
10.1117/1.2890838
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
B. Rice
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
V. Ntziachristos;J. Culver;B. Rice
近年来，生物学研究发生了显著的转变，通过使用具有人类疾病表型的精细动物模型，决定性地弥合了培养皿与临床实践之间的差距。虽然动物一直是临床传播的重要试验平台，但先进的基因组技术现在已经允许增加疾病模型和内源性对比机制的可用性，这些模型和机制可以允许研究复杂的疾病模式、细胞运输或分子途径以及疾病对环境因素和药物的反应。相应地，注意力已经转移到可以在整个动物中无创地测量和分析解剖学，功能和分子参数的方法。这些新方法超越了薄组织切片或细胞培养的研究，可以在体内以高度的灵敏度和特异性进行操作。所有主要的临床成像方法都已针对动物使用进行了修改，以应对这一趋势。X射线计算机断层扫描、磁共振和核成像方法已经被小型化以最佳地适应小动物体积，从而相应地提高了所实现的分辨率和灵敏度。超声波还通过在比临床实施更高的频率下操作而适于小动物成像，这类似地提高了分辨率并且与小动物成像中所需的穿透深度有更好的接口。然而，光子方法通过利用大量不同的对比机制、高检测灵敏度和生物实验室中的高传播潜力而具有显著的优势。近年来，随着具有独特光学对比度特性的光学试剂的工程化以及针对特定生物过程和生物标志物的能力的进步，光子小动物成像正在经历一场技术和应用的革命。小动物光学成像领域在靶向试剂和探针的开发，通过转基因技术内源性产生光学对比度，以及成像系统和方法的相应发展，其允许对基因功能和调节、蛋白质活性、细胞和亚细胞功能、生理反应以及高度详细的解剖对比进行前所未有的可视化。小动物成像可以在系统层面进行生物医学观察，并可以作为临床前水平监测治疗干预措施的支柱，从而加速临床转化。与基于从体外大型动物群获得的样品的统计测试的当前观察相比，非侵入性成像进一步促进了使用更少数量的动物，并且通过根据不同的外部刺激对同一动物进行纵向观察来提高观察的准确性。光学方法的一般分类通过其成像特征（即解剖学、生理学或分子对比度）来区分技术。但是，它也是使用-
There is a prominent biological research shift occurring over recent years, where the gap between the petri dish and clinical practice is decisively bridged by means of using elaborate animal models with human disease phenotypes. While the animal has always served as an important test bed for clinical propagation, advanced genomic technologies have now allowed an increased availability of disease models and endogenous contrast mechanisms that can allow the study of complex disease patterns, cell traffic, or molecular pathways and the response of disease to environmental factors and drugs. Correspondingly, attention has shifted to methods that can measure and analyze anatomical, functional, and molecular parameters noninvasively in entire animals. These new methods go beyond the study of thin tissue sections or cell cultures to technologies that can operate in vivo with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. All major clinical imaging approaches have been modified for animal use as a response to this trend. X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and nuclear imaging approaches have been miniaturized to optimally accommodate small animal volumes, correspondingly increasing the resolution and sensitivity achieved. Ultrasound has also been adapted to small animal imaging by operating at higher frequencies than clinical implementations, which similarly improves the resolution and better interfaces with the penetration depths required in small animal imaging. Yet photonic methods carry significant advantages by utilizing largely diverse contrast mechanisms, high detection sensitivity, and high dissemination potential in the biological laboratory. Coupled with advances in the engineering of optical agents with distinct optical contrast characteristics and the ability to target specific biological processes and biomarkers, photonic small animal imaging is seeing a revolution of technologies and applications in recent years.This field of small animal optical imaging captures important new developments in the development of targeting agents and probes, endogenous generation of optical contrast via transgenic technologies, and the corresponding development of imaging systems and methods that allow for unprecedented visualization of gene function and regulation, protein activity, cellular and subcellular function, physiological responses, and highly detailed anatomical contrast. Small animal imaging can allow for biomedical observations at the system level and can serve as the backbone for monitoring therapeutic interventions at the preclinical level in a manner that can accelerate clinical translation. Noninvasive imaging further facilitates the use of a smaller number of animals compared to current observations based on statistical testing of samples obtained from large animal cohorts in vitro and improves the accuracy of the observations by yielding longitudinal observations on the same animal as a function of different external stimuli. A generic classification of optical methods separates techniques by their enabling imaging feature, ie, anatomical, physiological, or molecular contrast. However, it is also use-