LTREB - Interannual Variability, Food-Web Interactions, and Climatic Forcing: A Program for Long-Term Research at Castle Lake, California

近三十年来，城堡的研究一直在进行 湖，加州。 在此期间，严格的 监测理化状况和浮游生物 动力一直保持，产生了广泛的长胚芽 最近使用统计分析的数据集 时间序列和多变量分析技术。 这些 研究已经导致了对过程的重大见解， 导致了生态系统的变化。 城堡湖系统行为的可变性已经被 成功地分解成从外部产生的组件 过程，如厄尔尼诺等异常气候条件，以及 与内部的、掠夺性的相互作用有关的那些（效应 由鱼类和鱼类之间的捕食性相互作用引起， 浮游动物到浮游植物）。 在这份报告中，长期 这将有助于更好地理解和 区分这些过程发生的方式， 在城堡湖互动概述。 该提案以 围绕着一个周期的整个湖泊的掠夺性操纵 相互作用，涉及改变放养制度的 湖中最主要的肉食动物虹鳟鱼 加上 对城堡湖的控制和监控 （悬崖湖）作为一个“参考”系统在最初的 多年的项目将被监控和操纵， 在未来的岁月里，互惠互利。 操纵的循环 将在本奖项颁发后的5年内完成，之后， 计划重复操作周期，以测试 系统对食物网操作的响应的可重复性 多年的气候条件。 第二部件 该计划的目的是提高如何理解 强烈的气候信号进入城堡湖系统期间， 关键的春季融冰期，水力负荷， 热分层的建立。 内每年 研究，一系列密集的物理，化学， 从冰层破裂开始的生物条件 将进行覆盖。 通过对比物理和 不同年份春季的化学条件 气候的严重性，更深入地了解机制， 气候变化对年际变化的贡献很大， 应获得该系统中的可变性。

For nearly thirty years, research has proceeded at Castle Lake, California. Throughout this period, a strict protocol of monitoring of physical and chemical conditions and plankton dynamics has been maintained, producing an extensive long-germ data set that has recently been analyzing using statistical techniques of time-series and multivariate analysis. These studies have led to major insights into the processes which contribute to ecological variability in this system. Variability in system behavior in Castle Lake has been successfully decomposed into components which arise from external processes, such as unusual climatic conditions like El Nino, and those associated with internal, predatory interactions (effects induced by coupled predatory interactions from fish to zooplankton to phytoplankton). In this proposal, a long-term approach which will allow a better understanding and the distinguishing of the ways in which these processes occur and interact in Castle Lake is outlined. This proposal is centered around a cycle of whole-lake manipulations of predatory interactions, involving alteration of the stocking regime of the dominant planktivore in the lake, rainbow trout. Coupled with this manipulation and monitoring of Castle Lake, a second lake (Cliff Lake) to serve as a "reference" system during the initial years of the project will be monitored and manipulated in a reciprocal fashion in future years. The cycle of manipulations is to be completed within the 5 years of this award, after which it is planned to repeat the cycle of manipulations to test the repeatability of system responses to food web manipulation in years of contrasting climatic conditions. The second component of the program is designed to improve the understanding of how strong climatic signals enter the Castle Lake system during the crucial spring period of ice-melt, hydraulic loading, and establishment of thermal stratification. In each year of the study, an intensive series of measures of physical, chemical, and biological conditions beginning with the break-up of the ice cover will be conducted. By contrasting the physical and chemical conditions during spring in years which differ in climatic severity, greater insights into the mechanisms by which climatic variation contributes so strongly to interannual variability in this system should be obtained.