Effects of Environmental Taxes in the Presence of Other Taxes

小行星9310362 近年来，人们对税收作为环境政策工具的潜力越来越感兴趣。 这种兴趣激发了许多模拟研究，以调查环境税的经济成本和效益。 到目前为止，几乎所有这类研究都受到两个重要限制。 首先，他们倾向于假设这些税收所获得的收入以一次总付的方式返还给经济。 这可能导致高估经济成本，因为它忽略了利用收入减少现有扭曲性税收所产生的抵消性效率收益。 第二个限制是假设环境税是在一个没有预先存在的税收扭曲的制度中征收的。 然而，最近的分析工作表明，商品和生产要素市场中原有的税收可对新征收的环境税的成本产生重大影响。 在这项研究中，研究人员将采用动态一般均衡模型来评估主要的潜在环境税举措。 该模型将对美国税收的密切关注与对能源部门相互作用、向支持技术的转换以及资本调整动态的关注相结合。 这些特点区别于其他一般均衡模型，研究能源和环境税的举措，使其特别有用的评估收入中性的环境税在第二个最好的经济模式。 本次调查包括三项主要任务。 第一个是应用该模型来评估主要的潜在环境税举措。 这些措施包括碳税、碳税和其他温室气体源税、碳汇补贴、BTU税和汽油税。 在每种税收下，将考虑若干政策变量，包括替代收入的替代方法和国际贸易货物的替代处理方法。 这些政策将从沿着方面加以审查，包括对总收入和消费以及对工业利润和产出的影响。 将从实现特定减排的成本角度对各项政策进行比较。 第二项主要任务是利用该模型（通过反事实模拟）澄清和量化预先存在的税收幅度与实现减排的成本之间的关系。 这项工作的目的是产生的收入中性的环境税在国家的比较成本的见解，预先存在的税率显着不同，从那些在美国的第三个主要任务是执行计量经济学和其他工作，以改善模型的实证基础。 计量工作包括估计产业生产函数和居民需求函数。 ***

9310362 Goulder In recent years there has been a significant increase in interest in the potential of taxes as instruments of environmental policy. This interest has stimulated many simulation studies to investigate the economic costs and benefits of environmental taxes. To date, nearly all such studies have suffered from two important limitations. First, they tend to assume that the revenues earned by such taxes are returned to the economy in lump-sum fashion. This may lead to an overstatement of economic costs because it overlooks the offsetting efficiency gains that would accrue from using revenues to reduce existing distortionary taxes. A second limitation is the assumption that environmental taxes are imposed in a system without pre-existing tax distortions. Recent analytical work indicates, however, that pre-existing taxes in commodity and factor markets can importantly influence the costs of newly imposed environmental taxes. For this study the investigator will apply a dynamic general equilibrium model to evaluate major potential environmental tax initiatives. The model combines a close attention to U.S. taxes with attention to energy sector interactions, conversions to backstop technologies, and capital adjustment dynamics. These features distinguish the model from other general equilibrium models that examine energy and environmental tax initiatives and make it particularly useful for evaluating revenue-neutral environmental taxes in a second best economy. This investigation includes three main tasks. The first is to apply the model to evaluate major potential environmental tax initiatives. These include carbon taxes, taxes on carbon and on sources of other greenhouse gases, subsidies to carbon sinks, BTU taxes, and gasolines taxes. Under each tax several policy variants will be considered, including alternative methods for revenue replacement and alternative treatments of internationally traded goods. These policies will be examine d along many dimensions, including effects on aggregate income and consumption and on industry profits and output. Policies will be compared in terms of their costs in achieving given emissions reductions. The second main task is to use the model (through counterfactual simulation) to clarify and quantify the relationships between the magnitudes of pre-existing taxes and the costs of achieving emissions reductions. This work is intended to generate insights as to the comparative costs of revenue-neutral environmental taxes in nations where pre-existing tax rates differ significantly from those in the U.S. The third main task is to perform econometric and other work to improve the empirical foundations of the model. The econometric work includes estimation of industry production functions and household demand functions. ***