Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)

印度洋实验（INDOEX）是一项由法国、德国、印度、荷兰和美国参与的国际野外实验。美国部分的主要工作侧重于评估硫酸盐和其他大陆气溶胶在全球辐射强迫中的作用，并得到能源部和国家科学基金会的联合支持。此外，来自其他联邦机构和其他国际伙伴的科学家将进行涉及各种相关化学和辐射过程调查的补充研究。复合观测系统包括广泛的平台，从船舶到飞机，以及地面和气球测量系统，以及卫星数据。三年努力的主要部分将是1999年1月开始的为期四个月的实地密集阶段。该项目的最终目标是更好地了解年代际和更长时间尺度的气候强迫。东北冬季季风季节的赤道印度洋为这项实验提供了一个独特的天然实验室。实验区可能是世界上唯一一个被来自北半球的大陆气溶胶、人为痕量物质及其反应产物（如硫酸盐和臭氧）的强烈来源所改变的气团在热带辐合带与经由赤道季风气流输送的南半球原始空气接触的地方。把这两种截然不同的气团放在一起，可以对气溶胶对大气辐射特性的直接和间接影响进行彻底的研究。科克利博士将负责分析AVHRR卫星数据以得出气溶胶和云的特性。具体来说，他和他的同事们将(1)从卫星辐射中提取一秒以上的气溶胶负荷和大小指数，(2)从NOAA AVHRR卫星观测到的0.63、3.7和11微米的辐射中提取可见光学深度、云顶温度和云滴有效半径。AVHRR的回收也将用于协助研究船的部署，并在INDOEX期间帮助规划飞机任务。

9612886 Coakley The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) is an international field experiment with participation from France, Germany, India, the Netherlands, and the United States. The main effort under the U.S. component focuses on assessing the role of sulfates and other continental aerosols in global radiative forcing and is being supported jointly by the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. In addition, complementary studies involving investigations of a variety of related chemical and radiative processes will be undertaken by scientists from other federal agencies and other international partners. The composite observing system consists of a wide range of platforms, from ships to aircraft, as well as surface-based and balloon measuring systems, and satellite data. The main part of the three year effort will be a four-month intensive field phase which begins January 1999. The ultimate goal of this program is to obtain a better understanding of the decadal and longer time scale climate forcing. The equatorial Indian Ocean during the northeast winter monsoon season provides a unique natural laboratory for this experiment. The experimental area is probably the only place in the world where an air mass which has been modified by intense sources of continental aerosols, anthropogenic trace species, and their reaction products (e.g., sulfates and ozone) from the northern hemisphere comes into contact with the pristine air of the southern hemisphere, which has been transported via cross equatorial monsoonal flow, at the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The juxtaposition of these two very distinct air masses will allow a thorough examination of both the direct and indirect effects of the aerosols on the radiative properties of the atmosphere. Dr. Coakley will be responsible for the analysis of the AVHRR satellite data to produce the aerosol and cloud properties. Specifically, he and his colleagues will (1) extract aerosol burdens and size indices over oce ans from satellite radiances, and (2) extract visible optical depths, cloud top temperatures, and cloud droplet effective radii from radiances at 0.63, 3.7 and 11 microns as observed by the NOAA AVHRR satellite. The retrievals from the AVHRR will also be used to aid with the deployment of research vessels and help plan aircraft missions during INDOEX.