Submarine Profiling of Arctic Properties: Temperature, Salinity and Ice Draft

自1990年以来在北极收集的声学和物理数据表明，与20世纪70年代和80年代的数据相比，大西洋/太平洋水域之间的锋面从罗蒙诺索夫海岭附近向阿尔法/门捷列夫海岭方向加强。尽管北极过程在全球气候变化中发挥着关键作用，但我们对北极水团结构的了解仍然基于稀疏采样的测量。SCICEX计划为科学界提供了独特的、前所未有的机会，使用简单的冰下、潜艇发射、消耗性CTD （U/I SSXCTD）测量，将高质量的跨北极海洋调查剖面的数量增加了近一倍。除了海底CTD数据对理解北极环流的贡献外，海洋温度、盐度和冰粗糙度的声学测量也提供了对主要海洋环流变化的天气探测能力。利用水声进行北极气候观测（ACOUS）项目将于1997年开始沿固定声道记录全年海洋温度变化、海冰厚度和范围。海底采样提供了精确的局部温度、盐度和冰盖测量，而盆地尺度声学测量的优势是对盆地综合环流效应的天气观测。跨北极声波传播（TAP）实验证明了声学作为监测锋面主要运动的工具的可行性。使用SCICEX-97的海底CTD和冰剖面数据的科学目标是：(1)建立从波弗特海到巴伦支海的温度和盐度的历史记录，以监测全球环流变化并验证北冰洋环流模型；(2)使用测量数据“调整”ACOUS声学温度计；(3)提供与声发射同时进行的温度、盐度和冰流测量。

Acoustic and physical data collected in the Arctic since 1990 indicates a strengthening in the front between Atlantic/Pacific waters from near the Lomonosov Ridge toward the Alpha/Mendeleyev Ridge when compared with data from the 1970's and 1980's. Despite the key role Arctic processes play in global climate change our knowledge of Arctic water mass structure is still based on sparsely sampled measurements. The SCICEX program offers the scientific community the unique and unprecedented opportunity to use simple under ice, submarine launched, expendable CTD (U/I SSXCTD) measurements to nearly double the number of high quality transarctic oceanographic survey sections. Complementing the submarine CTD data contribution to understanding Arctic circulation are acoustic measurements of ocean temperature, salinity and ice roughness which offer the capability to synoptically detect majop ocean circulation shifts. The Arctic Climate Observations using Underwater Sound (ACOUS) program will begin recording year round ocean temperature changes, and sea ice thickness and extent, along fixed acoustic paths in 1997. Submarine sampling provides accurate local measurements of temperature, salinity and ice cover, whereas the advantage of basin scale acoustic measurements is synoptic observation of the basin integrated circulation effects. The Transarctic Acoustic Propagation (TAP) experiment demonstrated the feasibility of acoustics as a tool to monitor major movements of fronts. The scientific objectives of using submarine CTD and ice profile data from SCICEX-97 are to: (1) establish an historical record of temperature and salinity from the Beaufort Sea to the Barents Sea to monitor global circulation changes and validate Arctic Ocean circulation models, (2) use the measured data to 'tune' the ACOUS acoustic thermometer, and (3) provide temperature, salinity and ice draft measurements concurrent with acoustic emissions.