Reciprocity in the Russian Labor Market: Its Role in the Transition from State Socialism

这是一个俄罗斯劳动力市场的研究，使用这个经验的情况下，发展新的理论命题的作用，社交网络在不断变化的劳动力市场。 关于从国家社会主义向“市场”经济过渡的研究强调了商品和服务的集中分配以及向市场交换分配的转变。 卡尔·波兰尼的作品经常被引用在这方面。 波兰尼认为，商品和服务的分配有三种基本方式，每种方式都得到一种制度结构的支持：由强大的中央政府支持的再分配，由自由市场支持的交换，以及由对称的社会群体（包括社交网络）支持的互惠。现有的研究忽视了互惠的作用，通常援引社交网络作为再分配或交换的支持，但没有明确把握它们作为支持互惠的作用。该项目探讨了互惠在市场和国家社会主义社会中实际上都很重要的可能性，以及在东欧和前苏联等复杂的转型期间，它扮演着特别重要的角色。 本研究考察了俄罗斯劳动者如何应对私营和公营企业的急剧重组以及许多长期雇主的实际消失所带来的劳动力市场的动荡变化，伴随着新的组织和组织形式的兴起。它将在俄罗斯中心地带的一个大工业城市萨马拉进行一次实质性调查，这将首次系统地说明在过渡条件下生产组织和工人是如何匹配的。 通过对企业和在这些企业中找到工作的工人本身的概率样本进行研究，该研究将探讨重组的意义，进入新兴私营部门的工人的起源，因公共部门萎缩而失去工作的工人的命运，以及人们在这些前所未有的变化中生存并在某些情况下繁荣的战略。这项研究的重点是如何劳动力市场分配的影响，以前存在的工人和雇主之间的关系，亲属关系网络在指导工人到一个或另一个工作情况的持续作用，以及在何种程度上与以前或新的政治当局的关系的影响，有劳动力市场的后果。 对这些调查结果的分析将首次全面地说明俄罗斯人如何应对转型，从而有助于构建一个更全面的理论解释，说明国家社会主义崩溃后经济、政治和社会制度是如何联系在一起的。

This is a study of the Russian labor market, using this empirical case to develop fresh theoretical propositions on the role of social networks in changing labor markets. Research on the transition from state socialism to a "market" economy has stressed centralized allocation of goods and services and the shift to allocation by market exchange. The work of Karl Polanyi is often cited in this connection. Polanyi argued that there are three fundamental ways that goods and services are allocated, each supported by an institutional structure: redistribution, supported by strong central governments, exchange, supported by free markets, and reciprocity, supported by symmetrical social groupings which include social networks. Existing research slights the role of reciprocity, typically invoking social networks as supports for redistribution or exchange, but not clearly grasping their role as supporting reciprocity. This project explores the possibility that reciprocity is in fact important both in market and in state socialist societies, and that during complex transitions such as those occurring in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, it takes on an especially vital role. This study examines how working people in Russia have coped with the tumultuous changes in the labor market brought on by dramatic restructuring of both private and public enterprises, and the virtual disappearance of many long-standing employers, accompanied by the rise of new organizations and organizational forms. It will conduct a substantial survey in Samara, a large industrial city in the Russian heartland, which will provide the first systematic picture of how productive organizations and workers are being matched under the conditions of transition. By studying a probability sample of both firms and the workers themselves who find work in these firms, the study will investigate the significance of restructuring, the origins of workers who enter the newly developed private sector, the fate of workers cut loo se by the shrinking of the public sector, and the strategies by which people may survive and under some circumstances prosper, amidst these unprecedented changes. The research focuses upon how labor market allocation is influenced by previously existing ties between workers and employers, the continuing role of kinship networks in directing workers to one or another work situation, and the extent to which ties to previous or new political authorities results in influence that has labor market consequences. Analysis of these survey results will give the first full account from the ground up of how individual Russians have coped with transition, and thus will help construct a fuller theoretical account of how economic, political and social institutions are linked following the collapse of state socialism.