The Dusty Young Universe - Infrared and Sub-millimeter Photometry of High Redshift Quasars

在（亚）毫米波长范围内检测到的最高红移类星体（z > 5）中有很大一部分表明，在大爆炸后的第一个十亿年中已经合成了大量的尘埃。斯皮策望远镜24 μm的观测表明，在大多数z > 5的类星体中，类星体核心附近存在非常热的尘埃。然而，这些观测只能捕捉到尘埃发射光谱的尾部，分别在最大200 µm和最小< 5 µm处。测量尘埃排放的峰值已经超出了以前的卫星或地面亚毫米望远镜的能力。因此，关键的性质，如远红外光度，尘埃温度和质量，仍然不受约束。我们批准的赫歇尔重点计划将收集远红外和亚毫米测光的100多个高红移类星体使用PACS和SPIRE仪器。它针对三个类星体样本：（一）迄今已知的所有z > 5类星体，（二）十几个射电响亮类星体和星系，（三）29个宽吸收线类星体加上17个非宽吸收线类星体的比较样本。目前正在用斯皮策和地面收集补充的中红外和近红外观测数据。这一独特的数据集将允许全面研究类星体相关的星星形成。因此，它探讨了黑洞生长和星系形成的最早阶段，这是本优先计划的中心主题。我们要求1.5个（BAT IIa当量）职位，以确保其科学潜力尽快实现。

The detection of a significant fraction of the highest redshift quasars (z > 5) in the (sub-)mm wavelength range indicates that a substantial amount of dust has been synthesized already during the first billion years since the Big Bang. 24 µm observations with Spitzer have shown that very hot dust is present close to the QSO core in most z > 5 quasars. However, these observations can only catch tails of the dust emission spectrum, at rest  200 µm, and at rest < 5 µm, respectively. Measuring the peak of the dust emission had been beyond the capabilities of previous satellites or ground-based sub-mm telescopes. Thus, critical properties, such as FIR luminosity, dust temperatures and masses, remained unconstrained.Our approved Herschel Key Programme will collect far-infrared and sub-millimeter photometry of more than 100 high redshift quasars using the PACS and SPIRE instruments. It targets three samples of QSOs: (i) all z > 5 quasars known to date, (ii) a dozen radio loud quasars and galaxies, and (iii) 29 Broad Absorption Line (BAL) quasars plus a comparison sample of 17 non-BAL QSOs. Complementary mid- and near-IR observations are currently collected with Spitzer and from the ground. This unique data set will allow a comprehensive study of quasar related star formation. Thus it probes the earliest phases of black hole growth and galaxy formation, which are a central theme of this Priority Programme. We ask for 1.5 (BAT IIa equivalent) positions to secure that its scientific potential is realized as fast as possible.