Collaborative Research: The Impact of Migration on Women in Dual-Earner Families: A Longitudinal and Geographic Assessment of Family Migration Theory

劳动力中的妻子数量在过去三十年中翻了一番，家庭迁移行为越来越依赖于一个复杂的共同决策过程。本研究从纵向角度考察了移徙对双职工家庭的地理和经济影响，特别侧重于已婚妇女的劳动力经验。关于妇女参与劳动力影响的研究表明，双职工家庭由于对双重劳动力的依恋，比单职工家庭搬家的可能性更小。传统的家庭移徙研究认为，移徙往往与丧失收入、中断职业、失业、就业不足或妻子离开劳动力有关。相比之下，最近的工作提出了关于不利影响的问题，并表明已婚妇女的就业随着移徙而增加。利用收入动态面板研究（PSID）数据，本研究考虑了在女性和家庭生命过程中平行职业的更大背景下，对已婚女性的潜在劳动力影响的全部范围。该研究控制了迁移自我选择的偏差。它明确考虑了双职工家庭迁移的空间差异以及迁移对这些家庭中妇女的影响。此外，本研究使用纵向模型来区分移民对已婚妇女的短期和长期影响。它涉及参与（就业、失业、就业不足、职业中断）和移徙对已婚妇女影响的财务方面。更好地了解丈夫和妻子的共同就业和地点决定，有可能提高劳动力市场的效率。妇女是劳动力市场最具活力的供应部门，已婚妇女是劳动力空间变化的重要组成部分，因为她们的参与增加了，对一般家庭移徙产生了影响。行业和组织每年投资约150亿美元用于工作岗位的重新安置。许多被转移的人都是已婚的双职工，安置两个职工比安置一个职工要困难得多。配偶、亲属和子女不再被视为雇员的附属品。企业认识到需要为配偶求职过程提供更大的激励和支持。此外，据估计，所有搬迁中有10%到15%是为了已婚妇女的工作，而且有理由相信这一数字将来会继续上升。考虑到当代社会的变化，现在是重新评估家庭迁移理论的合适时机。新的发现将丰富我们对家庭移民对双职工家庭妇女影响的时空变化的认识。

The number of wives in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades and household migration behavior is increasingly dependent on a complex process of joint decision making. This research examines, in a longitudinal context, the geographic and economic impacts of migration on dual-earner families, with specific focus on the labor-force experience of married women. Research on the impact of women's participation in the labor force has indicated that two-earner households are less likely to move than single-earner households due to their dual labor-force attachment. Traditional family migration research has argued that migration is associated frequently with the loss of earnings, interrupted careers, unemployment, underemployment or leaving the labor force on the part of the wife. In contrast, more recent work has raised questions about the disadvantaged effects and suggests that employment of married women increases with migration. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data this study considers the full range of potential labor force impacts on married women within the larger context of parallel careers in the life course of women and families. The study controls for the bias of migration self-selectivity. It explicitly considers the spatial variation in dual-earner family migration and the effects of migration on women in these families. Furthermore, this research uses longitudinal models to differentiate between the short-term and the long-term impacts of migration on married women. It addresses participation (employment, unemployment, underemployment, interrupted careers) and financial aspects of the impact of migration on married women. A better understanding of the joint employment and location decisions of husbands and wives has the potential to improve the efficiency of the labor market. Women are the most dynamic supply sector of the labor market, and married women are an important component of spatial changes in the labor force, by virtue of their increased participation and their impact on family migration in general. Industry and organizations invest about 15 billion dollars annually in job relocations. Many of the transferees are married and dual earners, and relocating two earners is much more difficult than relocating a single earner. Spouses, relatives, and children are no longer considered mere appendages of the employee. Corporations are recognizing the need for greater incentives and support for the spousal job search process. Further, it is estimated that between ten and fifteen percent of all relocations are for the married woman's job, and there is reason to believe that this figure will continue to rise in the future. Given contemporary social changes it is an appropriate time to reassess family migration theory. New findings will enrich our knowledge of the temporal and spatial variations in the impact of family migration on women in dual-earner households.