CPT Liquefaction Investigations, Adapazari, Turkey

液化引起的建筑物沉降和承载强度损失是1999年8月17日土耳其科贾埃利地震期间造成破坏的主要原因。 受影响的主要地区是阿达帕扎里市，由于地下沉积层液化，数百座建筑物不同程度地沉降和倾斜。 由于有如此多的建筑物受到影响，阿达帕扎里提供了一个天然的实验室，用于研究液化对建筑物性能的影响，并开发改进的设计程序，以防止未来的损坏。 在美国和其他地震区，建筑物抗液化设计是结构设计中的一个主要问题。 由于这一问题的重要性和缺乏足够的标准在工程实践中，从本研究的结果可能会立即和广泛地应用于基础设计实践。 8月17日地震发生后，NSF资助了几次对土耳其的侦察调查，包括快速部署地震工程研究所（EERI）侦察队，由首席研究员（T.L. Youd）和通过太平洋地震工程研究中心（PEER）组织的后续岩土工程调查。这些调查产生了大量详细的定居和倾倒建筑物清单，这是迄今为止地震后此类建筑物的最广泛和最完整的清单。这一建筑物损坏和汇编的清单提供了一个重要和独特的机会，以产生大量记录在案的建筑物性能的案例历史，完成地下沉积物地层和土壤特性。 这些案例对于制定评估标准和设计程序以防止液化引起的建筑物沉降和倾斜至关重要。本研究的主要目标是通过在受建筑物沉降和倾斜影响最严重的阿达帕扎里地区进行的一系列圆锥贯入测深（CPT）来编制地层剖面和土壤性质数据。 本项目或相关项目将抽取土壤样本，用于沉积物分类和测试。 本研究的第二个主要目标是准备数据文件，供美国和国外的岩土工程和地球科学专业人员在网络和其他场所使用。 这些数据应足以供分析人员制定和测试程序，以预测易发生沉降的地点的建筑物沉降和承载强度损失。 第三个目标将是分析汇编的数据沿着与以前的地震类似的数据，以开发评估建筑物沉降和倾斜危险的经验程序。

Liquefaction-induced building settlement and loss of bearing strength were major causes of damage during the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake. The area primarily affected was within the city of Adapazari where hundreds of buildings settled and tipped by varying degrees due to liquefaction of subsurface sediment layers. With so many buildings affected, Adapazari provides a natural laboratory for the study of effects of liquefaction on building performance and development of improved design procedures to prevent future damage. Design of buildings to resist effects of liquefaction is a major issue in structural design in the US and other seismic areas. Because of the importance of this problem and the lack of adequate criteria in engineering practice, results from this study will likely be immediately and widely used in foundation design practice. Following the 17 August earthquake, NSF funded several reconnaissance investigations to Turkey, including a rapid deployment of an Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) reconnaissance team lead by the principal investigator (T.L. Youd) and follow-up geotechnical investigations organized through the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). These investigations produced a large and detailed inventory of settled and tipped buildings, the most extensive and complete inventory of such buildings following any earthquake to date. This building damage and the compiled inventory provide an important and unique opportunity to generate numerous documented case histories of building performance, complete with subsurface sediment stratigraphy and soil properties. These case histories are essential to the development of evaluation criteria and design procedures for prevention of liquefaction-induced building settlement and tilting due to liquefaction. The primary objective of this study is the compilation of stratigraphic cross sections and soil property data from an array of cone penetration soundings (CPT) to be conducted in areas of Adapazari most affected by building settlement and tilting. Soil samples will be extracted either by this project or through related projects for sediment classification and testing. A second major objective of this study is to prepare data files for distribution on the web and other venues for use by geotechnical and earth science professionals in the US and abroad. These data should be sufficient for analysts to develop and test procedures for predicting building settlement and loss of bearing strength at liquefaction-prone sites. A third objective will be to analyze the compiled data along with similar data from previous earthquakes to develop empirical procedures for evaluating building settlement and tilting hazard.