The Fada´il Genre in Arabic-Islamic Writings from the Late Middle Ages up to the 18th Century - Investigation into Ideas of Order of Nature and Society

到目前为止，对法达伊尔著作（卓越的著作）的研究主要集中在三种主题上，并产生了以下结果：(1)自然和社会的呈现，旨在描述这个世界在完美状态下的秩序。这同样适用于自然界和社会。这种完美来自于Fada ' il作为王朝的卓越，通过他们产生秩序。与城市和地区相关的卓越也是如此。这两种表现的基本特点是，它们不指出缺陷，而是通过显示缺陷的缺失来肯定这个世界的完美状态。因此，对于这两个领域，我们都可以说是积极的自我描述。作品的序言被证明具有特殊的表现力，因为它们可以重构(2)创作作品的原因，以便在单个作品下实现非常多样化的目的。他们可以处理与城市/地区的关系，直到统治者的影响。当社会是主体时，直接提到成就的创造者产生秩序从而产生完美。此外，这些作品还引起了(3)关于法达伊尔体裁与史学关系的体裁问题。当城市/地区本身的历史成为一种卓越时，作为秩序的连续表现的历史就成为王朝的卓越。鉴于数量关系，因此将部分作品归类为“混合形式”是合理的。在扩展时期的进一步研究将关注以下现象：在研究期间的同质化内容直至类似抄袭的星座，使得有必要将该类型的起源和发展纳入研究，以便在文学史的背景下定位形成法达伊尔作品的多种可能性。为此目的，早期的作品类型的叙利亚和埃及起源应该添加。我们已经可以看到，作为成功秩序的先决条件的Fada ' il已经经历了惊人的转变：在迄今为止所讨论的时期，这些优点被视为在当前条件下生产社会秩序的先决条件。在早期的作品中，他们以一种规范的态度来指代要达到的条件，即使不考虑内容的一致性。

Up to now, investigation of the Fada´il writings (writings of excellences) has been focusing on three kinds of subjects and has yielded the following results: (1) presentation of nature and society aimed at describing the order of this world in a condition of perfection. This holds equally true of nature and society. This perfection comes about thanks to the Fada´il as the excellences of the dynasty through which they generate order. The same is true for excellences related to cities and regions. It is constitutive for both kinds of presentation that they do not point out deficiencies, but affirm the condition of perfection of this world by showing the absence of defects. Thus, for both fields we may speak of positive self-description. The prefaces of the works have been shown to have particular expressive power as they make it possible to reconstruct (2) reasons for creating the works so that very diverse purposes underly the individual works. They can deal with ties to the city/region up to the influence of the rulers. When the society is the subject the creator of the accomplishments producing order and thereby producing perfection are mentioned directly. Furthermore the writings give rise to (3) questions of genre regarding the relationship of Fada´il genre and historiography. When the history of the city/region itself becomes an excellence, history as a continuous performance of order becomes an excellence of the dynasty. In view of the quantitative relationships it would therefore be reasonable to classify part of the works as "mixed forms".Further investigations during the extension period would concern the following phenomena: Homogeneous contents during the period studied up to constellations similar to plagiarism make it necessary to include in the study the genesis and development of the genre in order to locate the diverse possibilities of forming the Fada´il writings in the context of literary history. For this purpose the earlier works of the genre of Syrian and Egyptian origin should be added. It can already be seen that the Fada´il as prerequisites for successful order have undergone an astounding transformation: In the period discussed up to now these excellences are presented as prerequisites for the production of social order in its present condition. In the earlier works they refer in a prescriptive attitude to a condition to be achieved, even regardless of congruities of contents.