Theoretical and Computational Studies of Multiple Charge Transfer Reactions in the Condensed Phase

该项目将审查作为错误定罪主要来源的错误目击证人指认。虽然越来越多的心理学家的实证研究提供了对导致错误识别的因素的见解，而且越来越频繁，心理学家被要求提供关于这些因素的法庭证词。然而，这种专家证词往往被批评为不可靠。这个项目将研究的可靠性和概括性的调查结果的实证问题，使用现有的人脸识别研究的元分析，在目击者和实验室的研究范式。 特别是，该项目将审查关于被认为影响识别准确性的大量因素的研究结果的强度和可靠性，以及研究方法之间的关系和操纵实质性变量所产生的影响程度。要解决的因素包括稳定（例如，性别、种族）和可塑性特征（例如，压力，伪装）的参与者和目标，以及情境（例如，暴露持续时间）和程序（例如，队列表示）变量。在元分析中，将仔细关注不同类型的研究特征、自变量及其在研究中的可操作性。 因此，该项目将确定研究和理论领域，其中研究结果的基础最强和最弱，最重要的是，将测试一系列关于方法和实质性因素的假设，这些因素增强或限制了研究结果的普遍性和理论影响。

This project will examine mistaken eyewitness identifications as a principal source of erroneous convictions. Although a growing body of empirical research by psychologists provides insights into the factors contributing to mistaken identifications, and with increasing frequency, psychologists are called upon to provide courtroom testimony about those factors. Such expert testimony, however, is often criticized as unreliable. This project will examine the empirical questions of reliability and generalization of findings using a meta-analysis of existing studies of face recognition, in both the eyewitness and laboratory research paradigms. In particular, the project will examine the strength and reliability of research findings concerning a large number of factors thought to influence identification accuracy and the relationships among research methods and the magnitude of effects produced by manipulations of substantive variables. Factors to be addressed include stable (e.g., sex, race) and malleable characteristics (e.g., stress, disguise) of both participants and targets, as well as situational (e.g., exposure duration) and procedural (e.g., lineup presentation) variables. Careful attention will be given in the meta-analysis to the different types of study characteristics, independent variables, and their operationalization employed in the research. The project, as a result, will identify research and theoretical domains where findings are on the strongest and weakest footings and, most importantly, will test a series of hypotheses about methodological and substantive factors that enhance or limit the generalizability and theoretical implications of research results.