Dissertation: The Impact of Hunting by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on Demography and Behavior of Red Colobus Monkeys (Procolobus badius) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda.

捕食强烈影响灵长类动物的社会进化，黑猩猩和红疣猴有一个特别有趣的捕食者-猎物关系。 黑猩猩经常捕食各种哺乳动物，但红疣猴是他们的首选猎物，无论这两个物种共存。有大量的数据狩猎频率和猎物摄取的几个网站，但很少对红疣猴的社会结构和人口密度和他们的反应，黑猩猩捕食的影响。 这项研究将提供红疣猴行为生态学的数据和红疣猴群体大小，群体组成和人口密度在Ngogo，Kibale国家公园，乌干达的黑猩猩捕食的影响。 这些数据将解决有关灵长类动物的社会进化，红疣猴抗捕食策略，以及黑猩猩捕食的可持续性问题。 恩戈戈拥有已知最大的黑猩猩群落;那里的捕食活动异常激烈，可能导致红疣猴种群的长期下降，但人口统计数据不足以确定，在为期21个月的沿着进行的月度人口普查将提供关于种群密度、群体规模和组成的数据。 这些数据，加上以前的人口普查数据和黑猩猩的数据，可以评估群体规模与捕食压力的关系，以及人口是否下降。 关于群体组成的数据将检验关于反捕食策略的假设（例如，在有许多成年雄性的群体中，婴儿和青少年生存得更好）。 生态学数据将研究觅食效率和保护之间的权衡（例如，摄食竞争随着群体规模的增加而增加，但个体在较大的群体中更安全）。 实验回放的黑猩猩发声红疣猴，再加上观察自然发生的发声和黑猩猩接近的反应，将解决反捕食策略的假设。 这项研究将提高我们对捕食如何影响灵长类动物行为以及黑猩猩狩猎对人类进化的影响的理解。

Predation strongly affects primate social evolution, and chimpanzees and red colobus monkeys have a particularly intriguing predator-prey relationship. Chimpanzees regularly prey on various mammals, but red colobus are their preferred prey wherever these two species co-occur. There are extensive data on hunting frequency and prey offtake for several sites, but few on the impact of predation on red colobus social structure and population density and on their responses to chimpanzees. This research will provide data on red colobus behavioral ecology and the impact of chimpanzee predation on red colobus group size, group composition, and population density at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. These data will address questions about primate social evolution, red colobus anti-predation strategies, and the sustainability of predation by chimpanzee. Ngogo has the largest known chimpanzee community; predation there is unusually intense and might have caused a long-term decline in the red colobus population, but demographic data are inadequate to be sure.Monthly censuses along four transects, conducted for 21 months, will provide data on population density and group size and composition. These data, plus previous census data and data on the chimpanzees, can assess the relationship of group size to predation pressure and whether the population has declined. Data on group composition will test hypotheses about anti-predation strategies (e.g., infant and juveniles survive better in groups with many adult males). Data on ecology will examine tradeoffs between foraging efficiency and protection (e.g., feeding competition increases with group size, but individuals are safer in larger groups). Experimental playbacks of chimpanzee vocalizations to red colobus, plus observations of responses to naturally occurring vocalizations and to chimpanzee proximity, will address hypotheses about anti-predation strategies. This research will improve our understanding of how predation influences primate behavior and of the implications of hunting by chimpanzees for human evolution.