Environmental Justice: An Examination of Interaction Between Environmental Justice Activists and Opponents

dorceta E. taylor密歇根大学环境正义倡导者反对将设施（如焚化炉、垃圾填埋场、废物处理厂和化工厂）设在美国的少数民族社区。他们坚持认为，这些设施使少数民族面临不成比例的环境风险、危害以及危险的工作和生活条件，从而导致健康受损。经济条件也很重要，因为活动人士经常在失业率高的低收入少数族裔社区活动。20年来，环境正义运动一直反对企业，但人们对该运动的动力及其对社会变革的潜力知之甚少。因此，本研究将探讨(a)环境正义运动与其主要影响对象或对手——主流环境团体、政府和公司之间的关系；(b)环境正义活动分子使用的运动策略的范围和有效性；(c)运动对手如何适应和应对激进分子的战术创新；(d)资源动员与运动叛乱之间的关系。本研究将考察1980-2005年间环境正义行动主义以及政府和企业对此的反应。这个时间框架捕捉了美国环境正义运动的整个时期，使PI能够跟踪环境正义运动的兴起。本研究将采用多种方法收集和分析数据。这项研究有三个基本组成部分：(a)对环境正义问题的报纸事件历史分析，(b)对环境正义组织所从事活动的会计分析，以及(c)对各组织从基金会和政府（环境）机构获得的资金数额的审查。研究人员将使用Lexis/Nexis、OCLC Firstsearch和Proquest来查找出现在当地、区域和全国性报纸、期刊和杂志上的相关文章。报纸将是事件历史分析的主要来源。然而，其他来源——如已发表的案例研究——将用于特定问题的背景信息。将建立一个数据库，记录组织报告他们所从事的结构、意识形态和行动。这个数据库将根据有色人种环境团体目录（1994年，2000年）中列出的调查组织、网站和从资助者处收集的信息汇编。分析的单位是环境正义运动。虽然正在收集组织一级的数据，但将在运动一级进行分析。这项研究将为环境正义运动及其反对者和支持者之间的制度和战术互动提供有价值的信息。它还将提供宝贵的数据，帮助我们更好地了解环境正义组织和公司如何制定问题框架、制定动员战略和应对冲突。本研究运用社会运动理论考察环境正义运动的动态。它扩大了先前环境正义研究的界限，试图检查活动家和公司的主张以及政府的行为。这项研究有可能回答一些重要的问题，因为研究人员研究了环境正义、企业和政府行为者之间的关系。

SES-0211105Dorceta E. TaylorUniversity of MichiganEnvironmental justice advocates oppose locating facilities (like incinerators, landfills, waste-treatment plants, and chemical factories) in minority communities in the U.S. They maintain that such facilities expose minorities to disproportionate environmental risks, hazards, and dangerous working and living conditions that, in turn, lead to impaired health. Economic conditions are important too because activists frequently operate in low-income, minority communities with high unemployment. The environmental justice movement has been opposing corporations for two decades, very little is known about the dynamics of the movement or its potential for social change. Hence, this study will examine (a) the relationship between the environmental justice movement and their main targets of influence or opponents - mainstream environmental groups, the government and corporations; (b) the range and effectiveness of movement tactics used by environmental justice activists; (c) how movement opponents adapt and respond to the tactical innovations of activists; and (d) the relationship between resource mobilization and movement insurgency.This study will examine environmental justice activism and government and corporate responses to it from 1980-2005. This time frame captures the full period of American environmental justice activism allowing the PI to track the rise of the environmental justice movement. The study will use a multi-method approach to data collection and analysis. The study has three basic components: (a) a newspaper event history analysis of environmental justice issues, (b) an analysis of environmental justice organizations' accounting of the activities they have been engaged in, and (c) an examination of the amount of funds organizations receive from foundations and government (environmental) agencies. The researcher will use Lexis/Nexis, OCLC Firstsearch and Proquest to find relevant articles that appear in local, regional and national newspapers, journals and magazines. Newspapers will be the primary source of the event history analysis. However, other sources -- like published case studies -- will be used for contextual information on particular issues. . A database will be established to record the structure, ideology, and actions in which organizations report they have been engaged. This database will be compiled from surveys organizations listed in the People of Color Environmental Groups Directory (1994, 2000), from websites and information gathered from funders. The unit of analysis is the environmental justice movement. Though organizational-level data is being collected, analysis will be made at movement level. This study will provide valuable information on institutional and tactical interactions between the environmental justice movement, its opponents and supporters. It will also provide valuable data that will help us better understand how environmental justice organizations and corporations frame issues, develop mobilizing strategies and cope with conflicts. The study uses social movement theory to examine environmental justice movement dynamics. It expands the boundaries of prior environmental justice research by seeking to examine both activist and corporate claims and government actions. The study has the potential to answer questions of significant import as the researcher examines the relationship between environmental justice, corporate and government actors.