PGE/RES Women's Participation and Experiences in Chemical Business and Industry in the U.S.

马里兰大学帕克分校（University of Maryland College Park）将研究在化工行业接受过电子商务培训的女性的经验。有三个研究领域：环境模式、个人经验和有效干预。科学问题：*在化学工业中受过化学和电子教育的妇女的作用方面存在哪些背景模式和影响？*在化学工业中接受过S&amp； e培训的女性的个人经历是什么？从她们的报告中可以确定哪些职业抑制和促进因素？*目前正在使用哪些正式和非正式的策略来增加接受过电子培训的妇女参与化学工业，这些策略的效果如何？背景模式将通过对美国妇女参与化学商业和工业的组织模式进行定量调查来评估。这将包括确定全国具有代表性的化学品企业样本，取得关于男女就业模式的档案和当前组织数据，并向管理层进行组织调查。个人经历将通过定量（调查）和定性（访谈）调查进行评估。将对化工企业和工业中的大量具有代表性的全国妇女样本进行调查，以评估她们在职业准备、入职和晋升方面的自我报告经验。这些参与者的代表性子样本（不同种族/民族，年龄，工作环境，S&amp；E子领域和教育）将被采访，以更具体地探索抑制或促进他们在化工行业职业轨迹的变量。将通过定量（调查）和定性（访谈）调查以及文献综述来评估有效的干预措施。研究1和研究2的数量部分和研究2的质量部分将包括评估公司目前用于增加妇女参与的正式和非正式战略；还将对研究1中管理人员的子样本进行访谈，以了解他们对干预策略的看法，并与个别妇女的反应进行比较。这些数据将与文献综述相结合，以确定最佳实践干预措施。科学和工程（S&amp；E）领域被认为对美国经济增长至关重要，并且正在迅速扩张。人口趋势表明，妇女和少数民族在劳动力参与方面的增幅最大；然而，女性（包括少数族裔女性）在S&amp；E领域的持续代表性不足是有据可查的。关于女性在标准与电子领域相对缺席的关注，大多集中在学术界的女性身上，而对其他标准与电子领域的女性知之甚少。工业是s&p工人的最大雇主，但在工业部门就业的女性比男性要少。关于女性为什么不能以可预测的数量进入工业环境以及她们在那里发生了什么的数据实际上是不存在的。此外，人们对目前用于解决工业中妇女人数不足问题的战略的普遍程度或有效性知之甚少。该研究的更广泛影响包括：*为一个行业的人口多样性研究提供了一个模型*确定了“最佳实践”干预措施，以提高电子商务和工业中女性的职业生涯。*培养研究生和本科生社会科学研究方法。

University of Maryland College Park will study the experience of S&E-trained women in the chemical industry. There are three areas of study: Contextual Patterns, Individual Experiences, and Effective Interventions.Scientific Issues:* What contextual patterns and influences exist with respect to the role of S&E-trained women in the chemical industry?* What have been the individual experiences of S&E-trained women in the chemical industry, and what vocationally-inhibitory and -facilitative factors can be identified from their reports?* What formal and informal strategies currently are being used to increase S&E-trainedwomen's participation in the chemical industry, and how effective are they?Contextual Patterns will be assessed through quantitative investigation of organizational patterns of women's participation in chemical business and industry in the U.S. over time. This will include identifying a national, representative sample of chemical businesses, gaining access to archival and current organizational data on male and female employment patterns, and administering an organizational survey to management.Individual Experiences will be assessed through both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interview) investigation. A survey will be administered to a large, national, representative sample of women in chemical business and industry to assess their self-reported experiences in occupational preparation, entry, and advancement. A representative sub-sample of these participants (diverse in race/ethnicity, age, work setting, S&E sub-field, and education) will be interviewed to explore more specifically the variables that have inhibited or facilitated their career trajectories in the chemical industry.Effective Interventions will be assessed through both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interview) investigation, as well as literature review. The quantitative portions of Studies 1 and 2 and the qualitative portion of Study 2 will include assessment of formal and informal strategies currently used by companies to increase women's participation; interviews also will be conducted with a sub-sample of management personnel from Study 1 regarding their perceptions of intervention strategies, to compare to the responses from individual women. These data will be combined with a literature review to identify best practices interventions.Science and engineering (S&E) fields are considered crucial to U.S. economic growth and are expanding rapidly. Demographic trends indicate that women and minorities represent the greatest increases in workforce participation; however, the continued under-representation of women (including minority women) in S&E fields is well documented. Much of the attention to women's relative absence from S&E fields has focused on women in academe, and very little is known about women in other S&E settings. Industry is the largest employer of S&E workers, but women are less likely than men to be employed in the industrial sector. Data regarding why women fail to enter industrial settings in predictable numbers and what happens to them there are virtually non-existent. Moreover, very little is known about the prevalence or effectiveness of strategies currently being used to address the paucity of women in industry.The Broader Impacts of the study include:* Providing a model for the study of demographic diversity in one industry* Identification of "best practices" interventions to enhance the careers of women in S&E business and industry.* Training of graduate and undergraduate students in research methods of the social sciences.