Workshop on Impacts of Increasing CO2 on Coral Reef Organisms and Other Marine Calcifiers

现在已知浅海和远洋环境中的钙化生物对海洋化学的变化都很敏感。有明确的证据表明，随着大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加，海洋的碳酸盐平衡正在发生变化，而且有越来越多的证据表明，随着二氧化碳浓度的继续上升，几大类海洋钙化物的钙化率将下降。也有证据表明，这些碳酸盐的溶解速率将随着二氧化碳的强迫作用而增加。虽然浅海和远洋群落的浮游生物和底栖钙化物似乎对CO2强迫的增加表现出类似的反应，但存在重要的差异。ppi建议组织一次海洋钙化专家研讨会（约35-40人），其目标如下：(1)提供专家科学家交流信息的论坛（包括网站）；(2)综合有关海洋碳酸盐化学变化对珊瑚礁钙化物和其他海洋生物影响的信息；(3)确定未来的研究方向，促进合作研究。知识价值：本次研讨会将以以往的努力为基础，解决海洋生态系统对大气二氧化碳增加的反应。美国JGOFS关于海洋钙化的研讨会（Iglesias-Rodriguez et al. 2002）主要考虑了对开阔海洋钙化剂的影响，以及减少的钙化如何影响海洋碳循环。最近由联合国教科文组织主办的“高二氧化碳世界中的海洋”研讨会确定了生物（包括但不限于钙化生物）和生态系统对二氧化碳增加的反应的优先研究领域，并建议了从小规模实验室实验到大规模现场实验和建模的研究方法。本次研讨会的目的是在钙化领域的专家之间发起一个实际的讨论，以确定具体的，可测试的假设，并评估现有的和有前途的方法来测试这些假设。更广泛的影响：本次研讨会的几个目标是增加科学界和公众对大气中二氧化碳浓度增加如何影响海洋钙化的理解。本次研讨会的一个产品将是一个网站，它将作为对这一领域的研究感兴趣的人的中央信息库。该网站还将包括如何将这些信息与课堂联系起来的一般信息（一些pi作为顾问参与了K-12和本科生的练习，这些练习展示了二氧化碳增加对水化学和碳酸盐溶解的影响）。pi的另一个目标是推荐实验标准，以便更好地比较研究结果。本次研讨会的若干邀请将保留给该领域的研究生和博士后，我们将鼓励这些年轻研究人员积极参与，让他们参与研讨会活动和网站开发

Calcifying organisms of both neritic and pelagic environments are now known to be sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry. There is clear evidence that the carbonate equilibria of the oceans is shifting in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and there is mounting evidence that calcification rates of several major groups of marine calcifiers will decrease as CO2 concentrations continue to rise. There is also evidence that dissolution rates of these carbonates will increase in response to CO2 forcing. Although planktonic and benthic calcifiers of both neritic and pelagic communities appear to display a similar response to increased CO2 forcing, important differences exist. The PIs propose to organize a workshop of experts (~35-40 participants) in marine calcification with the following objectives: (1) to provide a forum (including a website) where expert scientists can exchange information; (2) to synthesize information regarding the effects of changing ocean carbonate chemistry on coral reef calcifiers and other marine organisms, and (3) to identify future research directions and promote collaborative research. Intellectual Merit: This workshop will build on previous efforts to address marine ecosystem response to increased atmospheric CO2. A U.S. JGOFS workshop on marine calcification (Iglesias-Rodriguez et al. 2002) primarily considered the effects on open ocean calcifiers and how reduced calcification would affect the ocean carbon cycle. The recent UNESCO-sponsored workshop The Ocean in a High-CO2 World identified priority research areas regarding organismal (including, but not focused on calcifying organisms) and ecosystem response to increased CO2, and also recommended approaches to study them from small-scale laboratory experiments, through large-scale field experiments and modeling. This workshop is designed to initiate a practical discussion among experts in the calcification field to identify specific, testable hypotheses, and to evaluate existing and promising methodologies for testing those hypotheses. Broader Impacts: Several goals of this workshop are to increase understanding, both within the scientific community and the general public, of how increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations can affect marine calcification. A product of this workshop will be website that will serve as a central information repository for those interested in doing research in this field. The site will also include general information on how to relate this information in classrooms (several of the PIs have been involved as consultants on K-12 and undergraduate exercises that demonstrate the effects of increasing CO2 on water chemistry and carbonate dissolution). Another of goal of the PIs is to recommend experimental standards that will allow better comparison of research results. Several invitations for this workshop will be reserved for graduate students and postdocs in this field, and we will encourage active participation of these young researchers by involving them in workshop activities and website development