Postdoctoral Fellowship: History and Science of Freshwater Fisheries Management

项目目的和方法水生生态学家安德斯·哈尔弗森和历史学家帕特里夏·纳尔逊·利默里克提议在科罗拉多大学为哈尔弗森提供为期两年的博士后研究期间，研究与科学、技术和淡水渔业有关的问题。除上述研究外，研究金还将包括一个培训部分。哈尔弗森将旁听课程和研讨会，并与利默里克和科罗拉多大学美国西部中心的其他学者进行正式和非正式的讨论。知识价值每年，州政府机构都会将数千万条鱼存入美国的淡水中，供休闲垂钓者使用。这样的放牧计划已经持续了100多年，在社会和经济上都被证明是巨大的成功。然而，放牧和其他相关技术也对本土动物和生态系统产生了严重后果，特别是在美国西部。目前，大约37%的北美淡水鱼被自然保护协会归类为脆弱、濒危或灭绝，引入的物种至少要对68%的灭绝负有部分责任，原因是捕食、竞争、疾病传播和杂交。其他渔业管理技术，包括使用鱼毒和引入无脊椎动物猎物物种，也对本土动物造成了可怕的后果。渔业管理者、科学家和其他利益攸关方似乎在这些渔业管理问题上分裂成两极分化的派别，引发了关于淡水渔业管理的影响和未来方向的越来越激烈的辩论。虽然这场辩论在很大程度上是从当代科学和社会科学的角度展开的，但冲突的根源可以追溯到过去。事实上，在其整个历史中，运动钓鱼对淡水生态系统产生了深远的影响，其方式往往是有争议的，也对当地居民有利和有害。这项研究既及时又相关。尽管每一个问题都很重要，但与海洋和滨河渔业危机等其他问题相比，淡水渔业管理很少受到关注。对这场争论的当前和历史根源的深入分析也将阐明有关科学技术在社会中的作用的更广泛的问题。哈尔弗森曾是一名记者，他建议写一本公众可以理解并感兴趣的书。潜在的受众很多；在全国范围内，大约七分之一的成年人会在闲暇时间钓鱼。此外，通过将有关历史、科学和政治的信息整合到一个工作机构中，拟议的研究将进一步辩论，从而改善国家淡水的管理。

PROJECT SUMMARYObjectives and methodsAnders Halverson, an aquatic ecologist, and Patricia Nelson Limerick, a historian, propose to study issues concerning science, technology and freshwater fisheries during a two-year postdoctoral fellowship for Halverson at the University of Colorado. In addition to the research described above, the fellowship will also include a training component. Halverson will sit in on classes and seminars and hold formal and informal discussions with Limerick and other scholars at the University of Colorado's Center for the American West. Intellectual MeritEvery year, state agencies stock tens of millions of fish into the freshwaters of the United States for the benefit of recreational anglers. Such stocking programs, ongoing for more than 100 years, have proven enormously successful socially and economically. However, stocking and other associated techniques have also had severe consequences for native fauna and ecosystems ,especially in the American West. About 37 percent of North American freshwater fishes are currently classified as vulnerable, imperiled, or extinct by The Nature Conservancy, and introduced species were at least partially responsible for 68 percent of the extinctions through predation, competition, the spread of disease, and hybridization. Other fisheries management techniques, including the use of fish poisons and the introduction of invertebrate prey species, have also had dire consequences for native fauna. Fisheries managers, scientists and other stakeholders appear to have divided into polarized factions over these fisheries management issues, generating increasingly rancorous debate over the effects and future direction of freshwater fisheries management. While the debate is couched largely in terms of contemporary science and social science, the roots of the conflict stretch deep into the past. Indeed, throughout its history, sport fishing has had a profound influence on freshwater ecosystems in ways that have often been controversial as well as beneficial and detrimental to the native inhabitants. This study is both timely and relevant. Although every bit as consequential, freshwater fisheries management has received little attention compared to other issues like the crises in marine and anadromous fisheries. An in-depth analysis of the current and historical roots of the controversy will also illuminate broader issues about the role of science and technology in society.Broader Impacts The proposed research will have broader impacts. Halverson, a former journalist, proposes to write a book that would be accessible and of interest to the general public. The potential audience is large; nationwide about one in seven adults spend some of their leisure time fishing. In addition, by pulling together information about history, science and politics into one body of work, the proposed research would further debate and thereby improve the management of the nation's freshwaters.