SPP 1569: Generation of Multifunctional Inorganic Materials by Molecular Bionics

无机功能材料对信息技术或能源生产和储存等未来领域的进一步发展相关的关键技术产生了巨大的影响。在这方面，复杂结构的多功能无机材料及其与有机成分的杂化发挥了主要作用。通过传统工艺产生具有限定结构和化学计量比的这种材料是有限的，因为这种工艺需要更高的温度和/或压力以及大量的技术努力。因此，世界各地都在开展研究活动，以克服这些限制，并寻找新的工艺，使其能够在常温条件下以较少的加工工作量制造新材料。生物自然界提供了令人印象深刻的进化优化过程，这导致了复杂结构的多功能无机固体。它们的形成是在环境条件下的水环境中通过生物矿化作用形成的，是由基因决定的。在这些过程中，控制无机成分的矿化和结构形成的生物聚合物模板发挥了主要作用。这些过程还包括分子自组装，最终产生由非金属无机固体(如磷酸钙或碳酸盐)和生物有机成分组成的复合材料。这种无机/生物有机杂化材料表现出独特的多功能特征，特别是它们的性能和性质谱通过生物有机部分的加入而进一步调整和扩展。尽管许多技术上相关的材料不是由生物进化过程产生的，但生物矿化原理的考虑为通过生物有机和无机成分之间的相互作用产生无机功能材料提供了很有前途的前景。优先方案的主要科学目标是将生物矿化原理应用于产生复杂结构的多功能无机材料及其与生物有机部分的混合物。为了实现这一目标，优先方案致力于以下方面的研究工作：(1)以生物分子为基础的模板在体外和体内产生这种材料，主要集中在2D和3D结构上；(2)材料形成机制和结构的表征；(3)材料的物理和化学性质的调查和设计。此外，这些实验研究还伴随着材料的形成、结构和性质的计算模拟。

Inorganic functional materials have tremendous impact on key technologies relevant for the further development of future fields like information technology or energy generation and storage. In this connection complex-structured multifunctional inorganic materials as well as their hybrids with organic components play a main role. The generation of such materials with defined structure and stoichiometry via conventional processing is limited, since such processes require increased temperatures and/or pressures as well as large technological efforts. Accordingly, there are world-wide research activities to overcome such limitations and to search for new procedures, which allow the manufacturing of new materials at ambient condition with reduced processing efforts. Living nature provides impressive evolution-optimised processes, which lead to complex-structured multifunctional inorganic solids. Their formation occurs via biomineralisation in aqueous environments at ambient conditions and is genetically determined. During these processes biopolymeric templates that control the mineralisation and the structure formation of the inorganic components play a main role. These processes also involve molecular self-assembly and finally yield composites made of non-metallic inorganic solids like calcium phosphate or carbonate and bioorganic components. Such inorganic/bioorganic hybrids exhibit unique multifunctional features and in particular, their performance and property spectrum is further tuned and expanded by the incorporation of the bioorganic fraction. Even though many of the technically relevant materials are not generated by the processes developed by biological evolution, the consideration of biomineralisation principles provides promising perspectives for the generation of inorganic functional materials via the interaction between bioorganic and inorganic components. The Priority Programmes main scientific objective is to apply the principles of biomineralisation to the generation of complex-structured multifunctional inorganic materials as well as of their hybrids with bioorganic portions. In order to achieve this goal the Priority Programme addresses research work on (1) the in vitro and in vivo generation of such materials directed by biomolecule-based templates with a main focus on 2D and 3D structures, (2) the characterisation of the formation mechanisms as well as of the structure of the materials, (3) the investigation and design of the physical and chemical properties of the materials.Furthermore, these experimental studies are accompanied by computational modelling of the formation, structure and properties of the materials.