Comprehensive Biological Study of Vostok Accretion Ice

南极洲大型冰下沃斯托克湖是一个独特的生态场所，拥有一种新的微生物生物群。温度、压力和缺乏光线都是地球上其他地方可能不存在的生物体的选择。积冰(冻结在冰川下表面底部的湖水)保存了来自沃斯托克湖每个地区的微生物样本，因为冰川经过并进入湖中。因此，在不污染湖泊表面微生物的情况下，可以收集来自湖泊的微生物，将其输送到实验室进行研究。该项目中两个最深的冰芯区段是国际分配的一部分。这将由四名研究人员(来自俄罗斯的谢尔盖·布拉特，来自法国的让-罗伯特·佩蒂特和丹尼尔·普里尔，来自美国的斯科特·罗杰斯)分享。美国团队将研究、分离和鉴定从湖中采集的细菌、真菌和病毒，这些细菌、真菌和病毒是通过在覆盖湖面的3500多米厚的冰川下表面积冰的过程中采集的。该项目将涉及一套方法，包括分子、形态和培养。这包括通过荧光、光和电子显微镜观察和描述、在13种不同的培养介质上分离、聚合酶链式反应扩增、DNA测序和系统发育分析。11个吸积冰芯段，以及2个冰川冰芯段。以及两个冰川冰芯段将被研究。将研究吸积冰芯剖面，以及两个冰川冰芯剖面。吸积冰芯部分代表了在Vostok 5G冰芯附近通过吸积过程采样的所有主要湖泊区域。这项工作的更广泛影响与结果将对实地产生的影响有关。这些位于南极冰盖深处的孤立湖泊可能含有新的独特的适应生物。冰川冰中含有大量被困住的微生物，其中一些微生物可能在冰层中代谢活跃。来自沃斯托克湖的微生物特别令人感兴趣，因为它们适应寒冷、黑暗和高压。因此，它们的酶系统和生化途径可能与目前研究的微生物中的那些显著不同。因此，这些生物体可能形成可能具有有用应用的化合物。此外，对来自沃斯托克湖的积冰以及最终的水的研究将为其他冰下湖泊的研究提供基础。此外，对吸积冰中微生物的研究将有助于那些计划研究冰盖行星和卫星上类似系统的人。

The large subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica is unique ecological site with a novel microbial biota. The temperatures, pressures and lack of light all select for organisms that may not exist anywhere else on Earth. The accretion ice (lake water frozen to the bottom of the lower surface of the glacier) has preserved microbial samples from each region of Lake Vostok as the glacier passes over and into the lake. Thus, without contaminating the lake with microorganisms from the surface, microbes originating from the lake can be collected, transported to the laboratory and studied. Two of the deepest ice cores sections in this project are part of the international allocation. The will be shared between four researchers (Sergey Bulat from Russia, Jean-Robert Petit and Daniel Prieur from France, Scott Rogers from USA). The United States team will study, isolate, and characterize bacteria, fungi, and viruses that have been sampled from the lake through the process of ice accretion to the lower surface of 3500+m thick glacier overriding the lake. The project will involve a suite of methods, including molecular, morphological, and cultural. This includes observation and description by fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy, isolation on thirteen separate cultural media, polymerase chain reaction amplification, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. Eleven accretion ice core sections, as well as two glacial ice core sections. As well as two glacial ice core sections will be studied. The accretion ice core sections, as well as two glacial ice core sections will be studied. The accretion ice core sections represent all of the major regions of the lake that have been sampled by the accretion process in the vicinity of the Vostok 5G ice core. The broader impacts of the work relate to the impact the results will have on the filed. These long=isolated lakes, deep below the Antarctic ice sheet may contain novel uniquely adapted organisms. Glacial ice contains an enormous diversity of entrapped microbes, some of which may be metabolically active in the ice. The microbes from Lake Vostok are of special interest, since they are adapted to cold, dark, and high pressure. Thus, their enzyme systems and biochemical pathways may be significantly different from those in the microbes that are the subject of current studies. As such, these organisms may form compounds that may have useful applications. Also, study of the accretion ice, and eventually the water, from Lake Vostok will provide a basis for the study of other subglacial lakes. Additionally, study of the microbes in the accretion ice will be useful to those planning to study analogous systems on ice-covered planets and moons.