Security and Privacy: Global Standards for Ethical Identity Management in Contemporary Liberal Democratic States

该项目由科学与社会方案的科学、工程和技术伦理和价值观部分供资，涉及执法和国土安全背景下的身份管理技术。“身份管理技术”一词用于指支持和便利以下工作的所有软件和计算机应用程序：人员身份识别以及这些身份的认证和核查;授权人员在信息上或实际上接触个人数据;追踪、监视和监测已识别人员;以及利用特征分析、网络分析和统计技术，在关于个人的数据库中发现知识（例如通过数据挖掘）。 拟进行的研究旨在在针对国际犯罪和全球恐怖主义部署和设计身份管理技术时，在自由民主国家的两个核心价值观（即安全和隐私）之间建立平衡。 该项目力求为当代全球安全背景下的身份管理技术和政策提供法律上可持续和技术上可行的全球道德标准。这些标准应该被理解为全球伦理标准，不仅可能被美国采用，而且可能被欧盟、澳大拉西亚和所有其他相关的自由民主国家（如印度和日本）采用。 虽然威权国家可能不会发现这样的标准是有益的，但威权国家演变成某种形式的自由民主是可取的，在这种程度上，这个项目的结果与威权国家有关。此外，这些标准应足够具体，以确定或至少在很大程度上限制国家和跨国管辖范围内所需的更详细的安全和隐私政策和规定。 该项目与这一领域的其他工作不同的是，它将伦理学家、律师、执法人员和计算机专家的专门知识结合起来，共同制定全球伦理标准框架。这项工作将由来自美国，欧洲，印度，日本和澳大拉西亚的多学科，国际学者和顾问团队进行。 该项目主要涉及分析身份管理技术的道德层面，例如，在国际犯罪和全球恐怖主义的背景下，电子监视、个人数据的数据挖掘和特征分析。这种道德分析对于找到数据保护和国土安全问题的可行和道德上可持续的解决方案是必要的。在设计具体的体制机制和身份管理工具时，可以采用全球道德标准框架的形式，调和冲突中的基本价值观，即安全和隐私。 经过充分研究的解决办法不仅将在学术期刊和教科书中传播，而且还将提供给决策者、执法人员等，从而在身份管理和计算机辅助执法的实际做法中找到出路。这就是该项目的目标。

This project, which is funded by the Ethics and Values in Science, Engineering and Technology component of the Science and Society Program, is concerned with identity management technology in the context of law enforcement and homeland security. The term "identity management technology" is used to refer to all software and computer applications that support and facilitate: the identification of persons, and the authentication and verification of these identities; the authorization of persons to have informational or physical access to personal data; the tracing, surveillance and monitoring of identified persons; and the discovery of knowledge (e.g. through data mining) in databases on persons, using profiling, network analysis and statistical techniques. The research to be undertaken aims at establishing a balance between two central values in liberal democracies, namely security and privacy, in the deployment and design of identity management technology in the context of international crime and global terrorism. The project seeks to provide legally sustainable and technologically feasible global ethical standards for identity management technology and policies in the contemporary global security context. The standards in question are to be understood as global ethical standards potentially to be adopted not only by the US, but also by the European Union, Australasia, and all other relevant liberal democratic states, e.g. India and Japan. Although authoritarian states may not find such standards conducive, it is desirable that authoritarian states evolve into some form of liberal democracy, and to this extent the results of this project are relevant to authoritarian states. Moreover, the standards are to be sufficiently specific to determine, or at least substantially constrain, the requisite more detailed security and privacy policies and prescriptions in national as well as trans-national jurisdictions. The project distinguishes itself from other work in this field by integrating the expertise of ethicists, lawyers, law enforcement personnel and computer specialists in the development of the framework of global ethical standards. The work will be performed by a multidisciplinary, international team of academics and consultants, from the USA, Europe, India, Japan and Australasia. This project is principally concerned with the analysis of the ethical dimension of identity management technology, e.g., electronic surveillance, data-mining of personal data and profiling, in the context of international crime and global terrorism. Such ethical analysis is necessary to find feasible and ethically sustainable solutions to data protection and homeland security problems. The reconciliation of the basic values in conflict, namely security and privacy, in the form of a framework of global ethical standards, can be deployed in the design of specific institutional mechanisms and identity management tools. Well researched solutions will not only be disseminated in scholarly journals and texts, but will also be made available to policy makers, law enforcement personnel and the like, and thereby find their way into the actual practices of identity management and computer supported law enforcement. This is what the project aims to achieve.