Collaborative Research:Transport and Divergence of CO2, O2 and Nutrients in the Atlantic Ocean, Continuation of WOCE-era Inversion with Comparison to Tracer Age Based Approaches

一个多箱反模式将被用来研究大西洋盆地内二氧化碳(二氧化碳)的输送、散度和年代际变化。该模式包含了世界海洋环流实验和全球海洋通量联合研究(WOCE/JGOFS)1990-1999年期间收集的大部分长线资料，目前由40个盒子和21个密度层组成。模型的碳迁移结果将与以前基于观测的结果以及参与海洋碳模型相互比较项目的模型的结果进行比较。为了更好地理解盒子模式综合环流和海洋碳循环的意义，这些环流和海洋碳循环是基于已知变化的系统内假定的稳态的，对平均环流方差的分析将在全球海洋状况估计产品的大西洋部分扩大。此外，该项目还将扩大到包括对反模式中氧气和营养物质输送的差异以及从表层海洋中推断的有机碳、蛋白石和碳酸钙出口速率的调查。这一方法将与基于氯氟烃(氟氯化碳)和放射性碳年龄的生物地球化学循环估计相结合，将对可能的氟氯化碳年龄偏差进行广泛的基于数据和模型的分析。智力优势：拟议的工作是独特的，因为它首次在整个大西洋范围内以物理一致的方式结合纬向和经向观测，以调查海洋吸收和放出二氧化碳的位置和大小。过去已经对碳以外的性质进行了这样的合成，并且已经被证明并不总是产生与单一横断面研究相同的结果。拟在该模型和基于示踪年龄的方法中列入生物地球化学循环速率，将提供新的基于数据的关于大西洋表层海洋生物物质出口的盆地规模的估计，可与其他方法以及其他海洋区域进行比较。更广泛的影响：对海洋二氧化碳吸收的估计对于准确预测未来大气中的二氧化碳含量是必要的，对无机碳通量差异的直接估计将对通过地表二氧化碳测量和数值模型作出的估计产生限制。这项研究代表了国际WOCE综合计划的一个跨学科组成部分，并将为未来分析CLIVAR(气候可变性和可预测性计划)观测结果提供基础。这项工作的第二个重要方面是对流场的变化进行调查，重点是确定水文图法在时变的流场中表示“平均值”的程度。这项工作对于确定重复部分最有用的背景是必要的。一部分资金将支持一名正在跨学科研究中建立自己地位的年轻女科学家，以及一名将被介绍给物理和化学海洋学的观测和数值模拟方面的学生。答：麦克唐纳积极参加新英格兰海洋科学教育卓越中心(NE-COSEE)，参与并在COSEE“讲述你的故事”研讨会上发表演讲。她目前正在与当地学校的3名教师合作，与初中生分享她在海洋循环、碳循环和数据分析方面的工作内容。这项研究是对美国CLIVAR计划和美国碳循环计划的贡献。

A multi-box inverse model will be used to investigate the transport, divergence and decadal changes in the concentration of CO2 (carbon dioxide) within the Atlantic Basin. The model includes most of the long line data collected during the WOCE/JGOFS (World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) period 1990-1999) and, currently, is made up of 40 boxes and 21 density layers. The models' carbon transport results will be compared both to previous observation based results, as well as to the results of models participating in the ocean carbon model intercomparison project. To better understand the significance of the box model synthesis circulation and ocean carbon cycle which are based on an assumed steady-state within a system which is known to be varying, the analysis of the mean circulation variance will be extended within the Atlantic portion of a global ocean state estimation product. In addition, the project will be extended to include investigation of the divergence of oxygen and nutrient transports in the inverse model and of the inferred rates of organic carbon, opal, and calcium carbonate export from the surface ocean. This approach will be combined with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and radiocarbon age based estimates of biogeochemical cycling for which an extensive data- and model-based analysis of possible CFC age biases will be performed.Intellectual Merit: The proposed work is unique in that it is the first to combine both zonal and meridional observations in a physically consistent fashion over the full extent of the Atlantic Ocean to investigate the location and magnitude of oceanic uptake and outgassing of CO2. Such syntheses have been performed in the past for properties other than carbon and have been shown to not always produce the same results as single transect studies. The proposed inclusion of biogeochemical cycling rates within the model and from the tracer-age based approaches will provide new data based basin-scale estimates of biogenic material export from the Atlantic surface ocean that can be compared to other methods as well as to other oceanic regions. Broader Impacts: Estimates of oceanic CO2 uptake are necessary for accurate prediction of future atmospheric CO2 content and direct estimates of inorganic carbon flux divergences will provide a constraint on the estimates made through surface pCO2 measurements and numerical models. This research represents an interdisciplinary component of the international WOCE synthesis program and will provide groundwork for analyzing CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and predictability program) observations in the future. A second important aspect of the work is the investigation into the variance of the flow field with the focus on determining how well the hydrography represents the "mean" in a time-varying flow field. The work is necessary to establish the context in which repeat sections are most useful. A portion of the funds will support a young, female scientist in the process of establishing herself in interdisciplinary research, as well as a student who will be introduced to both observational and numerical modeling aspects of physical and chemical oceanography. A. Macdonald is taking an active part in the New England Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (NE-COSEE), participating and presenting in COSEE "Telling Your Story" workshops. She is currently working with 3 teachers in local schools to share components of her work on ocean circulation, the carbon cycle and data analysis with middle and high school students.This study is a contribution to the U.S. CLIVAR program and the U.S. Carbon Cycle program.