Collaborative research on the state of the Arctic sea ice cover: An integrated seasonal ice zone observing network (SIZONET)

这一跨学科项目实施了一项综合方案，在北方环境、地缘政治和社会经济变化的背景下观测季节性冰。除了海冰状态变量的采样，观测系统的设计是由海冰系统服务（SISS）的概念指导。通过评估SISS的性质和范围，可以建立一个综合观测网络，预测北极变化的主要趋势，为最广泛的受影响利益提供最大利益。该观测计划的第一次迭代将有助于解决这些主要的科学问题：1）整个北极地区地方一级SIZ的变化在多大程度上与夏季最小冰范围的大规模变化相关？2)与增强的冰雪相互作用和冰变形的缓冲效应相反，SIZ如何响应季节性冰中放大的冰-冰反馈？，3)海岸海冰对陆地环境的影响有多大？4)亚北极鄂霍次克海对即将到来的北极环境和社会经济变化有何启示？虽然该项目的重点是西北极，在过去的几十年里，那里的海冰减少最为显著，但已经组建了一个由六个国家组成的国际小组，以最大限度地发挥协同作用，并使这些问题能够在环北极的背景下沿着横跨整个季节性冰区的纬度梯度得到解决，一直深入到常年冰层。在北极西部的观测包括对冰的运动、关键的质量平衡变量和关键的冰雪特性（如冰的厚度）进行的海岸和流冰测量，以及空中电磁冰厚度测量。将从卫星微波遥感观测中提取关于季节性冰演变和冰型分布的泛北极数据。所有数据都将输入一个档案和传播系统，该系统与阿拉斯加海洋观测系统相连，由阿拉斯加地理信息网管理。 K-12和大学教育以及公共宣传是该项目的组成部分，国际实地课程、学生和公众的网络参与、当地社区的公开讲座以及其他演示模式在该项目中发挥了重要作用。各级利益攸关方将通过SISS方法参与，科学家将与社区观察员合作，校准和验证方法。

This interdisciplinary project implements an integrated program of observing seasonal ice in the context of environmental, geo-political and socio-economic change in the North. In addition to sampling of sea-ice state variables, the observation-system design is guided by the concept of sea-ice system services (SISS). By assessing the nature and extent of SISS, an integrated observation network can be built that will lead to prediction of key trends in a changing Arctic in a way that provides maximum benefit for the broadest range of affected interests. The first iteration of this observation program will help to address these major scientific questions: 1) To what extent are changes in the SIZ at the local level throughout the Arctic correlated with large-scale change in summer minimum ice extent?, 2) How does the SIZ respond to amplified ice-albedo feedback in seasonal ice as opposed to the buffering effects of enhanced snow-ice interaction and ice deformation?, 3) How strongly does coastal sea ice impact change in terrestrial environments?, 4) What does the sub-Arctic Okhotsk Sea teach about impending Arctic environmental and socio-economic change? While the focus of this project is on the Western Arctic, which has seen some of the most dramatic sea-ice reductions in past decades, an international team has been assembled from six nations that maximizes synergies andallows these questions to be addressed in a circum-Arctic context along a latitudinal gradient spanning the entire extent of the seasonal ice zone, well into the perennial ice. Observations in the western Arctic sector include shore-based and drift-ice measurements of ice motion, key mass-balance variables and critical snow and ice properties such as albedo, as well as airborne electromagnetic ice thickness measurements. Pan-Arctic data of seasonal ice evolution and ice-type distribution will be extracted from satellite microwave remote-sensing observations. All data will be ingested into an archival and dissemination system that is linked to the Alaska Ocean Observing System and administered by the Geographic Information Network of Alaska. Education at the K-12 and university levels and public outreach are integral parts of the project, with an international field course, web-based engagement of students and the general public, public lectures in local communities, and other modes of presentation taking a prominent role in the project. Stakeholders at various levels will be engaged through the SISS approach, and scientists will work with community-based observers to calibrate and validate the methodology.