Global Responsibility and the Rule of Law: The Chad Model

这个为期两年的案例研究调查了乍得石油和管道项目背景下的法治运作，这是一个世界银行赞助的具有高度社会规划的实验。乍得管道项目建立在这样一种假设之上，即在遵守某些规则和程序的情况下，采掘业可以作为世界上最贫穷国家之一的国家发展、减少贫困和改善生活条件的基础。该管道项目的规则和流程参照了世界银行（World Bank）的社会和环境标准，由埃克森美孚（ExxonMobil）牵头的石油公司财团在乍得实施。该规定是在环境管理计划（EMP）和石油部门管理能力建设项目（CBP）的框架下提出的。因此，乍得实验的利害关系在于市场和财产制度可以构成公平发展基础的观念。本研究的总体目的是确定法治和市场导向机制如何在新自由主义下调动利益和认同，以证明公平和正义的结果。这项研究有两个具体目的。首先是审查支撑管道项目的原则和机制是否符合与法治理论相关的基本权利和宪法原则。我们在这里主要关注的是法治的效用和功能。这是通过代理人根据遵守的实际利益而不仅仅是正式的法律规定来遵守的感知必要性来衡量的。通过这些调查，我们希望确定市场和财产制度创造可预测性、透明度和良好治理的程度。第二个目的是考察世界银行、石油财团、国家和公民如何理解并将法治纳入他们的活动中。它使我们能够确定法律和以市场为导向的法律体系如何调动利益和身份，以证明公平和正义等具体结果的分配是合理的，以及不同的社会实体如何从法律及其机制中受益。这项调查使我们得以探索在何种条件下，世界银行、石油财团和国家可能成为法治下维护正义的可靠力量。这项研究结合了对家庭、工人、民间社会组织和诉讼当事人的深入访谈和实地调查，探讨了法治的好处。总而言之，乍得的试验代表了世界银行针对资源丰富的穷国的最新发展战略。世界银行（World Bank）指出，该管道项目证明，它正在推行有利于穷人的公共和公司治理；有效的社会和环境政策；尊重人权。“乍得实验”的结果将对发展理论和实践，尤其是法治的运作产生影响。通过研究这一实验，我们希望有助于了解法治的新自由主义表述与发展之间的联系。我们打算将我们的发现传达给学者、公民（包括国内和跨国非政府组织），以及积极参与发展问题的各级公共生活的决策者。

Abstract This two-year case study investigates the operations of the rule of law in the context of the Chad oil and pipeline project, a World Bank-sponsored experiment with a high degree of social programming. The Chad pipeline project is founded on the assumption that when subjected to certain rules and procedures an extractive industry can serve as the foundation for national development, poverty reduction, and improvement in living conditions in one of the world's poorest countries. The rules and processes of the pipeline project were modeled after the World Bank's social and environmental standards for application in Chad by a consortium of oil companies led by ExxonMobil. The rule appears under the rubrics of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Petroleum Sector Management Capacity-Building Project (CBP). At stake in the Chad experiment therefore is the notion that the institutions of market and property can constitute the basis for equitable development. The overall aim of the study is to determine how the rule of law and market-oriented mechanisms mobilize interests and identities under neo-liberalism to justify equity and justice outcomes. The study has two specific aims. The first is to examine whether the principles and mechanisms that underpin the pipeline project cohere with the fundamental rights and constitutional principles theoretically associated with the rule of law. Our central concern here is with the utility and function of the rule of law. This is measured by the perceived necessity of agents to comply based on the actual benefits of compliance and not merely on formal legal stipulations. Through these investigations, we hope to determine the degree to which the institutions of market and property create predictability, transparency, and therefore good governance. The second aim is examine how the World Bank, the oil consortium, the state, and citizens understand and incorporate the rule of law in their activities. It allows us to determine how the law and market-oriented legal systems mobilize interests and identities to justify specific distributions of outcomes as equity and justice, and how different social entities benefit from the law and its mechanisms. This investigation allows us to explore the conditions under which the World Bank, the oil consortium, and the state may be a dependable force for justice under the rule of law. The study is based on a combination of in-depth interviews and field surveys of households, workers, civil society organizations, and litigants about the benefit from the rule of law. In sum, the Chad experiment represents the World Bank's most recent development strategy for resource-rich poor countries. The World Bank has pointed to the pipeline project as evidence that it is pursuing pro-poor public and corporate governance; effective social and environmental policies; and respect for human rights. The outcome of the "Chad experiment" will have implications for development theory and practice, and most particularly the operations of the rule of law. By studying this experiment, we expect to contribute to knowledge about the connections between neo-liberal formulations of the rule of law and development. We intend to communicate our findings to scholars, citizens (including national and transnational NGOs), and policy-makers at all levels of public life who are actively involved in development issues.