Collaborative Research: The Emergence of State-sponsored R&D: Research Policy and Knowledge Production in a Federal System

在新的世纪的头几年里，美国在国家一级对科学和技术研究与发展的支持方面发生了新的和意想不到的事件。最引人注目的是，自2003年以来，几个州已经为胚胎干细胞研究拨款，其他州也在考虑提供此类支持。在加州，选民们考虑了一项激烈竞争的倡议，即87号提案，该提案将为替代能源研究提供惊人的10亿美元。这些举措和其他举措标志着美国联邦系统内各州在科学政策方面的历史角色的偏离，并表明各州对研究的支持范围和规模急剧增加。在过去的25年里，美国的科技政策一直围绕着以技术为基础的经济发展问题。各州的主要科学政策目标与经济发展和创造就业有关。它们的重点是通过技术转让和支持及发展地方工业使新知识商业化。在这一时期，州政府、中央政府和研究界之间的范式关系一直是“伙伴关系”。“然而，这些最近的事态发展似乎代表了与过去的明显分歧，并表明了国家新角色的出现。这一试点项目将通过分析州和国家一级的公开数据，记录州科技政策的趋势。它将创建必要的数据集的初步测试和四个假设，试图解释国家科技政策的最新趋势的改进。这一试点研究的结果将为制定实地工作研究计划提供信息，以支持进一步分析和制定一个基于实践的概念框架，以便更好地了解最近的活动。最终目标是提出一套建议，以改善国家一级的基础设施，以更好地适应国家在科技政策中的新作用。正如卡内基科学、技术和政府委员会1992年所确定的那样，长期以来一直需要加强国家一级的机构，以便为决策提供基于科学的支持。通过阐明一个更好的，以科学为基础的理论框架，了解国家一级的科技政策和特点的需要和不断发展的最佳做法，这个项目可以有一个重大的影响，在国家的科技政策的做法，并提供指导，在科学政策竞技场的州联邦关系的新阶段。

The first years of the new century have seen new and unexpected events in state-level support to science and technology-based research and development in the United States. Most dramatically, since 2003, several states have appropriated funds for embryonic stem cell research, and other states are considering such support. In California, voters considered a closely fought initiative, Proposition 87, that would have provided an astonishing $1 billion for alternative energy research. These and other initiatives mark a departure from the historical science policy roles of the states within the American federal system, and denote a dramatic increase in scope and scale of state support to research. For the last 25 years, science and technology (S&T) policies in the states have centered on issues of technology-based economic development (TBED). The principal science policy objectives of the states have been related to economic development and job creation. Their focus has been on the commercialization of new knowledge through technology transfer and the support and development of local industries. During this period, the paradigmatic relationship among state governments, the national government, and the research community has been one of 'partnership.' However, these recent developments appear to represent a distinct divergence from the past and suggest the emergence of a new role of the states. This pilot project will document trends in state S&T policies through an analysis of publicly available data at the state and national levels. It will create the dataset necessary for a preliminary test and refinement of four hypotheses that attempt to explain recent trends in state S&T policy. The results of this pilot study will inform the development of a research plan for field work to support further analysis and development of an empirically-based conceptual framework for better understanding recent activity. The ultimate goal is a set of recommendations for improving state-level infrastructure to better suit the new roles of states in S&T policy. There is a long-standing need, as identified by the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government in 1992, for stronger state-level institutions to provide science-based support to decision making. By articulating a better, empirically-based theoretical framework for understanding S&T policy at the state-level and by characterizing both the need and evolving best practices, this project can have a major impact on S&T policy practices in the states, and provide guidance for a new stage in state-federal relations in the science policy arena.