Collaborative Research: The Emergence of State-sponsored R&D: Research Policy and Knowledge Production in a Federal System

项目摘要新世纪的头几年，美国在国家层面对科技研究与发展的支持出现了意想不到的新情况。最引人注目的是，自2003年以来，几个州已经为胚胎干细胞研究拨款，其他州也在考虑这样的支持。在加州，选民们考虑了一项激烈竞争的倡议，即87号提案，该提案将为替代能源研究提供惊人的10亿美元。这些倡议和其他倡议标志着各州在美国联邦系统中历史上的科学政策角色的背离，并表明各州对研究支持的范围和规模急剧增加。在过去的25年里，各州的科技政策一直以技术经济发展（TBED）为中心。各州的主要科学政策目标一直与经济发展和创造就业机会有关。他们的重点是通过技术转让和支持和发展当地工业，使新知识商业化。在此期间，州政府、国家政府和研究界之间的典范关系一直是一种“伙伴关系”。然而，这些最近的发展似乎代表了与过去的明显分歧，并表明国家新角色的出现。该试点项目将通过对州和国家两级公开数据的分析，记录各州标准和税收政策的趋势。它将创建必要的数据集，用于初步测试和完善四个假设，这些假设试图解释州s&p政策的最新趋势。这项试点研究的结果将为制定实地工作研究计划提供信息，以支持进一步分析和制定基于经验的概念框架，以便更好地了解最近的活动。最终目标是提出一套改善州级基础设施的建议，以更好地适应各州在标普政策中的新角色。正如卡耐基科学、技术和政府委员会在1992年指出的那样，长期以来一直需要更强大的国家级机构，为决策提供基于科学的支持。通过阐述一个更好的、基于经验的理论框架来理解州一级的科技政策，并通过描述需求和不断发展的最佳实践，本项目可以对各州的科技政策实践产生重大影响，并为科学政策领域州-联邦关系的新阶段提供指导。

Project SummaryThe first years of the new century have seen new and unexpected events in state-level support to science and technology-based research and development in the United States. Most dramatically, since 2003, several states have appropriated funds for embryonic stem cell research, and other states are considering such support. In California, voters considered a closely fought initiative, Proposition 87, that would have provided an astonishing $1 billion for alternative energy research. These and other initiatives mark a departure from the historical science policy roles of the states within the American federal system, and denote a dramatic increase in scope and scale of state support to research. For the last 25 years, science and technology (S&T) policies in the states have centered on issues of technology-based economic development (TBED). The principal science policy objectives of the states have been related to economic development and job creation. Their focus has been on the commercialization of new knowledge through technology transfer and the support and development of local industries. During this period, the paradigmatic relationship among state governments, the national government, and the research community has been one of 'partnership.' However, these recent developments appear to represent a distinct divergence from the past and suggest the emergence of a new role of the states.This pilot project will document trends in state S&T policies through an analysis of publicly available data at the state and national levels. It will create the dataset necessary for a preliminary test and refinement of four hypotheses that attempt to explain recent trends in state S&T policy. The results of this pilot study will inform the development of a research plan for field work to support further analysis and development of an empirically-based conceptual framework for better understanding recent activity. The ultimate goal is a set of recommendations for improving state-level infrastructure to better suit the new roles of states in S&T policy. There is a long-standing need, as identified by the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government in 1992, for stronger state-level institutions to provide science-based support to decision making. By articulating a better, empirically-based theoretical framework for understanding S&T policy at the state-level and by characterizing both the need and evolving best practices, this project can have a major impact on S&T policy practices in the states, and provide guidance for a new stage in state-federal relations in the science policy arena.