Transport of Tetracycline (Tc) and Tc Resistance Genes in Poultry Farm Soils and Aquifer Materials: Influence on Bacterial Tc Resistance

背景，回顾和分析声明家禽农场土壤和含水层材料中四环素（Tc）和Tc耐药基因的转运：对细菌Tc耐药性的影响摘要抗生素耐药细菌对动物和人类的健康构成重大风险。几项研究表明，抗生素耐药性感染与在动物生产中使用抗生素之间存在联系。欧盟和其他国家已经禁止在动物饲料中使用抗生素作为生长促进剂；耐药菌的流行率随后在农场动物、动物产品和人群中下降。相比之下，美国尚未实施逐步停止在畜牧业中使用抗生素的措施，尽管对其有效性存在一些质疑。拟议的项目旨在探索集中动物饲养操作（cafo）在地下环境中抗生素和抗生素耐药性运输中的潜在作用。虽然生产畜禽的农场数量减少了80%以上，但由于集中饲养区，总产量增加了。每年大约生产85亿只肉鸡（USDA， 2004年）。据估计，每只鸡在48天的生命周期中产生1.46 2.67公斤的废物[67,84]，每年的肉鸡生产产生12,230亿公斤的废物。德尔马瓦半岛特别值得关注，因为它占美国肉鸡总产量的7%左右。这相当于每年产生约10亿公斤家禽废物。通常，废物被储存一段时间，然后应用于田地。据估计，90%以上的家禽垃圾通常按照联邦和州的规定施用在土地上。

Markus HilpertJohn Hopkins UniversityFORM 7 Context, Review and Analysis StatementCBET-0730932Transport of Tetracycline (Tc) and Tc Resistance Genes in Poultry FarmSoils and Aquifer Materials: Influence on Bacterial Tc ResistanceAbstractAntibiotic resistant bacteria constitute a significant risk to the health of animals and humans. Several studies suggest links between antibiotic resistant infections and the use of antibiotics in animal production. The European Union and other nations have banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promoters in animal feed; the prevalence of resistant bacteria has subsequently declined in farm animals, animal products, and human populations. By contrast, the US has not implemented a phase out of growth promoting antibiotics use in animal agriculture, despite some questions about its effectiveness.The proposed project seeks to explore the potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the transport of both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in subsurface environments. Although the number of farms that produce livestock and poultry has decreased by more than 80%, total production has increased due to CAFOs. Approximately 8.5 billion broiler chickens are produced annually (USDA, 2004). Estimating that each chicken produces 1.46{2.67 kg of waste during a 48-day lifespan [67, 84], the annual broiler production results in 12{23 billion kg of total waste. The Delmarva Peninsula is of special concern, as it contributes about 7% of the total broiler production in the US. This corresponds to about 1 billion kg of poultry waste annually.Typically, the waste is stored for some period of time and then applied to fields. It is estimated that more than 90% of the poultry litter is applied to land usually in accordance with federal and state regulations.