Doctoral Dissertation Grant: Spatial Economies Of Precontact Exchange In Greater Monterey Bay Area, California

在Diane P. Gifford-Gonzalez博士的指导下，Charlotte Sunseri将探索加州大蒙特利湾地区狩猎采集者之间史前经济体系和贸易关系的本质。该项目将综合文化资源管理在从蒙特利湾内陆到圣克拉拉山谷115公里× 65公里的样带中55个地点的考古数据，并对该地区三个主要住宅遗址的动物骨骼和石器进行原始分析。这些数据将阐明经济决策的社会和生态方面（例如贸易伙伴选择和商品生产）、对资源的领土性的表达、商品专业化和个人财富积累。由于这些遗址可以追溯到中世纪（公元前600年-公元1000年）到中后期过渡时期（公元1000-1250年），从中世纪气候异常（公元800-1400年）开始的物质特征使该项目能够监测接触前加利福尼亚人口对环境压力的初始反应。该项目的方法包括：对食物残留物和毛皮或皮革生产的证据进行分析，对动物遗骸和贝壳珠进行直接放射性碳定年，以对经济决策进行时间控制，确定贝壳珠和黑曜石作为潜在外来物质的来源，以及分析贸易项目和资源利用的空间格局。对整个地区不同材料类型分布的空间分析将有助于阐明谁参与了贸易关系（精英与非精英），如何促进交换（例如中心地点交换、再分配等），以及哪些材料是声望商品或财富项目。该项目测试了长期存在的关于生活在环境不可预测环境中的中等狩猎采集社会的经济策略假设。通过这种方式，它解决了加州长期以来的刻板印象之一，即天堂神话，通过暗示这个地区并不总是有稳定和舒适的气候条件，而是可能有压力的气候事件，对文化变化产生了重大影响。这项研究的智力价值在于它对大蒙特利湾地区的考古知识的实质性综合的贡献，以及对理解史前开始和维持交换的过程的理论方法。它将产生基于gis的定居模式、资源分布和贸易网络的数据集，这些数据集将作为在线资源分发给加州考古学家。除了在这个项目中产生的数据集和结论，它广泛地影响了加州大学圣克鲁兹分校考古学本科生的教育。该项目为本科生提供一对一的实验室方法和数据解释的强化培训。这种实践分析经验补充了课堂知识，并通过加州大学圣克鲁兹分校作为考古数据的区域档案馆的作用，有助于考古信息的管理和传播。

Under the supervision of Dr. Diane P. Gifford-Gonzalez, Charlotte Sunseri will explore the nature of prehistoric economic systems and trade relationships among hunter-gatherers of the greater Monterey Bay area of California. This project will synthesize archaeological data from Cultural Resource Management investigations at 55 sites in a 115 km x 65 km transect from the Monterey Bay inland to the Santa Clara Valley and produce original analyses of animal bones and stone tools from three major residential sites in this zone. These data will elucidate social and ecological aspects of economic decisions (e.g. trading partner selection and commodity production), expressions of territoriality over resources, specialization of goods, and wealth accumulation by individuals. Since these sites date to the Middle Period (600 BC-AD 1000) through Middle-Late Transition (AD 1000-1250), the material signatures from the onset of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (AD 800-1400) allow this project to monitor initial responses of precontact Californian populations to environmental stress. Methods of this project include: analysis of food remains and evidence for pelt or leather production, direct radiocarbon dating of faunal remains and shell beads for temporal control of economic decisions, source determination of shell beads and obsidian as potential exotic materials, and analysis of the spatial patterns of trade items and resource use. Spatial analysis of the distribution of different material types throughout the region will help elucidate who was involved in trade relationships (elites versus non-elites), how the exchange was facilitated (e.g. central place exchange, redistribution, etc.), and which materials were prestige goods or wealth items. This project tests long-standing hypotheses of economic strategies among middle range, hunter-gatherer societies living in environmentally unpredictable contexts. In this way, it addresses one of the enduring stereotypes of California, the Myth of Paradise, by suggesting that this region did not always have stable and comfortable climatic conditions, but rather may have had stressful climatic events that had significant impacts on culture change. The intellectual merit of this research lies in its contribution to substantive syntheses of archaeological knowledge of the greater Monterey Bay area, and theoretical approaches to understanding processes which initiated and maintained exchange in prehistory. It will produce GIS-based datasets of settlement patterns, resource distributions, and trade networks, which will be disseminated to California archaeologists as an online resource. Beyond the datasets and conclusions produced in this project, it broadly impacts the education of archaeology undergraduates at UC-Santa Cruz. The project provides one-to-one, intensive training to undergraduates in laboratory methods and data interpretation. This hands-on analysis experience supplements classroom knowledge and contributes to the management and dissemination of archaeological information through the role of UC-Santa Cruz as a regional archive of archaeological data.