Collaborative Research: Investigating Supercell/Tornado Genesis, Structure and Evolution Using Observations and Numerical Models

该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案（公法111-5）资助的。这项研究的目标是使用数值模式，特别关注超级单体和龙卷风在日益现实的环境条件下的起源，结构和演变，以提高对强对流风暴的理解。研究问题包括：1）为什么一些超级细胞产生的龙卷风特别长寿？2)环境条件如何影响龙卷风的发生、强度和寿命？3)在超级单体风暴中，帽状逆温和微物理组成如何影响冷池强度和低层旋转的发展？4)风暴的相互作用和合并如何影响龙卷风的形成？观测、数值模拟和数据分析将用于解决研究问题。方法学方法建立在主要研究者（PI）过去的工作基础上，包括成功模拟了一个强烈而长寿的超级单体产生的龙卷风，以1公里分辨率模拟了超级单体风暴环境，同化了偏振雷达观测，以及风暴相互作用的粗分辨率模拟。观测将用于指导参数研究和数据同化，而建模将提供一致和高分辨率的空间和时间数据集，用于分析和探索受控参数空间的手段。建模研究建立在模型物理学的进步，模型并行化/嵌套，新的方法启动持续风暴的存在下，封顶逆温，和集合卡尔曼滤波为基础的数据同化方法。这项研究将利用接近千万亿次的计算系统的可用性，以及未来的系统，如蓝色沃茨将于2011年部署在伊利诺伊大学，这将是能够维持千万亿次的天气和风暴模拟性能。建议的智力价值：这项工作的目的是增加对超级单体/龙卷风起源，结构和进化的理解。数值模拟提供了一种独特的方法来测试假设，并提供完整的数据集进行分析和可视化。它还提供了一种方法来模拟多个尺度，即超级单体和任何嵌入其中的龙卷风。特别感兴趣的是确定什么样的环境条件和什么样的力的平衡，需要模拟准稳定和长寿命的超级单体产生的龙卷风。更广泛的影响：这项研究将有可能改善公共警告。特别是，PI将有助于理解为什么一些超级单体风暴会产生龙卷风，而另一些则不会。鉴于目前正在进行的WSR-88 D雷达网络的升级，对偏振雷达数据同化的研究将为如何在风暴预报中最好地使用这些数据提供新的见解。研究结果将通过会议报告、同行评议的期刊文章和教学模块进行交流，供气象教育、研究和业务界更广泛地使用。研究结果将用于伊利诺伊大学和北达科他州大学的课堂。此外，研究人员将与国家超级计算机应用中心合作，在芝加哥科学与工业博物馆举办风暴展览。后者将包括用于探索模拟数据的交互式工具以及超级单体/龙卷风模拟的可视化。三名研究生将得到支持，两个学术机构之间的工作将促进跨机构合作。

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).The goal of this research is to improve understanding of severe convective storms using numerical models with particular attention to genesis, structure and evolution of supercells and tornadoes in increasingly realistic environmental conditions. Research questions include: 1) Why some supercell-spawned tornadoes are particularly long-lived? 2) How environmental conditions influence tornado genesis, intensity, and longevity? 3) How capping inversions and microphysical makeup influence cold pool strength and the development of low-level rotation in supercell storms?4) How storm interaction and mergers impact tornado genesis?Observations, numerical modeling and data analysis will be used to address the research questions. The methodological approaches build on the Principal Investigators' (PIs) past work including the successful simulation of an intense and long-lived supercell-spawned tornado, simulations of supercell storm environment at 1 km resolution, assimilation of polarimetric radar observations, and coarse-resolution simulations of storm interactions. Observations will be used to guide parameter studies and for data assimilation while modeling will provide consistent and high resolution space and time data sets for analysis and the means to explore controlled parameter spaces. The modeling studies build on advances in model physics, model parallelization/nesting, new methods for initiating sustained storms in the presence of capping inversions, and ensemble Kalman filter based data assimilation methods. The research will take advantage of the availability of computing systems approaching the petascale as well as future systems such as Blue Waters to be deployed at the University of Illinois in 2011 which will be capable of sustaining petaflop performance for weather and storm simulation. Intellectual Merit of Proposal: The work is aimed at increasing the understanding of supercell/tornado genesis, and structure and evolution. Numerical simulation provides a unique approach for testing hypotheses as well as providing complete data sets for analysis and visualization. It also provides a means to simulate multiple scales, namely the supercell and any tornadoes embedded within it. Of particular interest is determining what environmental conditions and what balance of forces are required for simulations of quasi-steady and long-lived supercell-spawned tornadoes. Broader Impacts: The research will potentially improve public warnings. In particular, the PIs will contribute to understanding why some supercell storms produce tornadoes while others do not. Given the upgrade of the WSR-88D radar network that is currently underway, research on the assimilation of polarimetric radar data will provide new insight as to how to best use this data in storm forecasting. Research findings will be communicated via conference presentations, peer-reviewed journal articles and instructional modules for wider use by meteorological education, research and operational communities. The results will be used in classes at the University of Illinois and University of North Dakota. In addition, the researchers will be working with National Center for Supercomputer Applications on a storm exhibit at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. The latter will include interactive tools for exploring simulation data as well as visualizations from supercell/tornado simulations. Three graduate students will be supported and cross institution collaboration will be fostered by the work between two academic institutions.