CubeSat: CubeSat for Ions, Neutrals, Electron, and Magnetic Fields (CINEMA)

这个为期三年的跨学科团队努力的目标是建造和操作一个名为CubeSat的小型航天器。CINEMA（离子，中性，电子和磁场的立方体卫星）是一个3U的立方体卫星，携带粒子传感器和磁力计。粒子仪器是在美国国家航空航天局STEREO任务中使用的粒子传感器的进一步发展。超热电子、离子、中性（STEIN）仪器是STEREO/STE的改进，包括一个静电偏转器。CINEMA的STEIN仪器将在当地时间以快至30秒（自旋周期）的节奏对环电流和亚风暴注入粒子进行成像，通过4-20 keV（环电流离子的能量范围）ENA（高能中性原子）测量，具有高灵敏度和能量分辨率（约为30秒）。1 keV)。STEIN的自转轴和成像平面被专门用于快速成像风暴时间不对称环流压力分布，该压力分布驱动2区电流进入电离层（基本的M-I耦合机制）。CINEMA将通过单个探测器提供大约从2-4 keV到100 keV的原位电子和离子测量。磁力计将由帝国理工学院提供。它使用一个磁阻元件，并将部署在一个弹簧加载的1米长的吊杆上。一个广泛的国内和国际团队将为该项目作出贡献。合作伙伴包括美国宇航局艾姆斯、波多黎各美洲大学、约翰霍普金斯大学/APL、韩国庆熙大学和英国伦敦帝国理工学院。具体来说，KHU将提供第二艘相同的CINEMA航天器（在轨），由韩国世界一流大学（WCU）项目资助开发。按计划，这两个航天器将于2011年发射到高倾角低地球轨道（LEOs），执行为期一年的名义科学任务。双CINEMA项目将提供独特的，高灵敏度的ENA测绘和高节奏的环电流ENA立体电影，从近地轨道。它还将在极光和环流降水区以及磁层的其他地方进行两点直接超热电子和离子测量。空间天气是指能够影响天基和地基技术系统的性能和可靠性的空间条件。了解磁暴、亚暴和粒子降水是空间气象研究的重要目标。CINEMA将提供一个强大的新能力，从低地球轨道进行高灵敏度和能量分辨率成像，特别是环电流的方位依赖性。方位压力梯度可以驱动风暴时间磁层-电离层耦合和亚极光极化流（SAPS）。这些能量的离子被假设为驱动产生场位波，从而沉淀出mev能量的“杀手”电子。此外，微型传感器和旋转立方体卫星系统的发展对于未来由数十个或更多的小型（立方体大小）航天器星座进行的空间天气研究非常重要。该项目将追求科学发现，同时提供独特和鼓舞人心的教育机会。它依赖于广泛的本科生和研究生参与任务的各个方面。学生在项目各个领域的参与将为所有参与机构提供教育效益。除了实际操作外，该任务还将为课堂提供材料，以激发学生对科学和工程的兴趣。立方体卫星任务中涉及的新技术在很大程度上未经证实，这使得该项目本身就存在重大风险。然而，另一方面，该项目不仅在其本身的研究领域，而且在空间科学和大气研究以及航空航天工程和教育等更大领域具有巨大的变革潜力。此外，该项目将是首批执行多航天器立方体卫星任务的两个项目之一，从而推动了这一新兴技术的极限。

The objective of this three-year cross-disciplinary team effort is to build and operate a tiny, so-called CubeSat, spacecraft. CINEMA (CubeSat for Ions, Neutrals, Electron, and Magnetic Fields) is a 3U CubeSat carrying a particle sensor and a magnetometer. The particle instrument is a further development of a particle sensor that was flown on the NASA STEREO mission. The Suprathermal Electrons, Ions, Neutrals (STEIN) instrument is an enhancement of STEREO/STE, including an electrostatic deflector. CINEMA's STEIN instrument will image ring current and substorm injected particles in local time at a cadence as fast as 30 s (spin period), through 4-20 keV (energy range of the bulk of ring current ions) ENA (Energetic Neutral Atom) measurements with high sensitivity and energy resolution (approx. 1 keV). The spin axis and imaging plane of STEIN have been specifically chosen to rapidly image the storm-time asymmetric ring-current pressure distribution that drives the Region 2 currents into the ionosphere (the fundamental M-I coupling mechanism). CINEMA will provide in situ electron and ion measurements extending approximately from 2-4 keV to 100 keV from a single detector. The magnetometer will be supplied by Imperial College. It uses a magneto resistive element and will be deployed on a spring-loaded 1m long boom. An extensive national and international team will contribute to the project. Partners include NASA Ames, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Johns Hopkins University/APL, Kyung-Hee University, Korea, and Imperial College London, United Kingdom. Specifically, KHU will provide a second identical CINEMA spacecraft (in orbit), developed with Korean World Class University (WCU) program funding. The plan is that both spacecraft be launched into high inclination low Earth orbits (LEOs) in 2011 for a one-year nominal science mission. The double CINEMA project will provide unique, high sensitivity ENA mapping and high cadence movies of ring current ENAs in stereo from low earth orbit. It will also make 2-point direct supra-thermal electron and ion measurements in the auroral and ring current precipitation regions and elsewhere in the magnetosphere.Space weather refers to conditions in space that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems. Understanding magnetic storms, substorms and particle precipitation are fundamentally important space weather research goals. CINEMA will provide a powerful new capability for high sensitivity and energy resolution imaging from LEO, especially of the azimuthal dependence of the ring current. Azimuthal pressure gradients can drive storm time magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling, and Sub-Auroral Polarization Streams (SAPS). Ions of these energies are hypothesized to drive the generation of EMIC waves that precipitate MeV-energy "killer" electrons. In addition, the development of the miniature sensors and spinning cubesat system is important for future space weather research conducted by constellations of tens or more, small (cubesat-sized) spacecraft. The project will pursue scientific discovery while providing unique and inspiring educational opportunities. It relies on extensive undergraduate and graduate student involvement through all aspects of the mission. The involvement of students in every area of the project will provide educational benefits at all of the participating institutions. In addition to the hands-on work, the mission will provide material for classes that will serve to motivate students with regard to science and engineering. The new, largely unproven technology involved in cubesat missions, inherently makes the project associated with significant risks. On the other hand, however, the project has tremendous potential to be transformational not only within its own research area but also for the larger field of space science and atmospheric research as well as within aerospace engineering and education. In addition, the project will be one of the first two to carry out a multi-spacecraft CubeSat mission, thus pushing the limit of this emerging technology.