Effect of Ocean Acidification on Early Life History Stages of the Antarctic Sea Urchins Sterechinus Neumayeri

摘要本研究探讨了海洋酸化对南极洲沿海沃茨中一种当代钙化者--海胆Sterechinus neumayeri的胚胎和幼虫的影响。 预计未来海洋酸化的影响将特别威胁到高纬度冷水海洋中的钙化海洋生物，因此关于这些生物的耐受性数据是南极海洋生态系统的一个关键研究需求。由于其钙化硬部分的高镁（Mg）含量，棘皮动物特别容易受到海洋酸化的溶解压力，因为它们目前居住的海水几乎没有达到支持生物钙化的饱和水平。因此，冷水，高纬度物种与高镁含量在其硬的部分被认为是“第一反应”的化学变化在海洋表面。本提案中的研究将使用几个指标来研究当代海胆胚胎和幼体对CO2酸化海水的生理可塑性，以模拟IPCC模型和对南大洋未来酸化预测的分析所定义的情景。 该研究还将阐明两个与气候变化相关的压力源--二氧化碳驱动的海洋酸化和海洋变暖--协同作用的生物后果。 具体而言，该研究将（1）评估二氧化碳酸化海水对早期胚胎和幼虫发育的影响，（2）使用形态测量学，检查幼虫内骨骼在海洋酸化的高二氧化碳条件下对发育的反应，（3）使用DNA微阵列，基因表达中涉及生物矿化和其他重要生理过程的基因的变化，以及（4）衡量在海洋酸化条件下开发的成本和生理后果。 该提案将支持本科生、研究生和博士后研究员的培训。PI还将与加州大学圣巴巴拉Gevirtz教育研究生院合作，使用“球体科学”技术将海洋酸化的生物效应与南大洋预期的化学变化联系起来。这个展览将设在一个教育和公共外展中心，海洋科学教学外展中心（OCTOS），一个新的国家的最先进的设施正在建设中的加州大学圣巴巴拉。

AbstractThe research examine the effects of ocean acidification on embryos and larvae of a contemporary calcifier in the coastal waters of Antarctica, the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. The effect of future ocean acidification is projected to be particularly threatening to calcifying marine organisms in coldwater, high latitude seas, making tolerance data on these organisms a critical research need in Antarctic marine ecosystems. Due to a high magnesium (Mg) content of their calcitic hard parts, echinoderms are especially vulnerable to dissolution stress from ocean acidification because they currently inhabit seawater that is barely at the saturation level to support biogenic calcification. Thus, cold-water, high latitude species with a high Mg-content in their hard parts are considered to be the 'first responders' to chemical changes in the surface oceans. Studies in this proposal will use several metrics to examine the physiological plasticity of contemporary urchin embryos and larvae to CO2-acidified seawater, to mimic the scenarios defined by IPCC models and by analyses of future acidification predicted for the Southern Ocean. The research also will investigats the biological consequences of synergistic interactions of two converging climate change-related stressors - CO2- driven ocean acidification and ocean warming. Specifically the research will (1) assess the effect of CO2-acidified seawater on the development of early embryos and larvae, (2) using morphometrics, examine changes in the larval endoskeleton in response to development under the high-CO2 conditions of ocean acidification, (3) using a DNA microarray, profile changes in gene expression for genes involved in biomineralization and other important physiological processes, and (4) measure costs and physiological consequences of development under conditions of ocean acidification. The proposal will support the training of undergraduates, graduate students and a postdoctoral fellow. The PI also will collaborate with the UC Santa Barbara Gevirtz Graduate School of Education to link the biological effects of ocean acidification to the chemical changes expected for the Southern Ocean using the 'Science on a Sphere' technology. This display will be housed in an education and public outreach center, the Outreach Center for Teaching Ocean Science (OCTOS), a new state-of-the-art facility under construction at UC Santa Barbara.