The Motivated Origins of the Cross Race Effect

这个项目调查了跨种族效应（CRE）的潜在机制，或者更准确地识别一个成员的倾向？与其他种族的成员进行比较。尽管CRE在实验背景下具有稳健性，但对这一令人不安的效应达成令人满意的理论解释已被证明是困难的。也许对CRE最长久的解释是知觉专长假说。从本质上讲，事实上的隔离导致个人没有与跨种族面孔打交道的经验，从而导致认可度下降。尽管这肯定是CRE的一部分，但最近的证据表明，这并不是全部。为此，本研究将探讨社会责任和社会责任个性化的不同动机，而不是不同的专业知识，在多大程度上可以解释社会责任。在12个实验中，这个提议测试了一个假设，即诱导感知者将面孔个性化将大大提高识别能力，甚至可以单独解释CRE。这项研究验证了一个假设，即个性化动机可以通过共同的群体成员身份（例如，相同种族的面孔，共同的大学背景），通过目标？行为（例如，个人以强大的方式行事），甚至通过自我中心主义（例如，目标与自我相似）。更重要的是，这些个性化动机被预测会改变人脸的处理方式。个性化的面孔（例如，SR面孔）预计会引起更多的注意，并将注意力吸引到面部的身份诊断区域（例如，眼睛）。最后，直接与专家模型相矛盾的是，CRE的动机起源预测，在个体被动机将群体视为同质的情况下（例如，身份威胁），实际上会减少表面上高度专业的SR面部加工和识别。它针对的是一个长期存在的、现实世界中的社会问题，这个问题通常对少数群体不利。这里概述的研究将通过涉及多样化的研究生和本科生研究人员，实质性地培养研究生和本科生。最后，这种有动机的CRE模型提供了一种新的方法来减少CRE的潜在有害后果：个性化。PI计划将这项研究的结果与潜在的现实世界影响一起传播，最终将激励感知者以不同的方式处理有关他人的信息。

This project investigates the mechanisms underlying the Cross-Race Effect (CRE), or the tendency to more accurately recognize members of one?s own racial group compared to members of other racial groups. Despite the robustness of the CRE across experimental contexts, coming to agreement on a satisfying theoretical account for this troubling effect has proven difficult. Perhaps the longest standing explanation for the CRE is the perceptual expertise hypothesis. In essence, de facto segregation leads to individuals having no experience with cross-race faces, leading to worse recognition. Although this is certainly part of the CRE, recent evidence suggests it is not the entire story. To this end, the current research will investigate the extent to which differential motives to individuate SR and CR faces rather than differential expertise, can account for the CRE. Across 12 experiments, this proposal tests the hypothesis that inducing perceivers to individuate faces will substantially improve recognition, and alone can even account for the CRE. This research tests the hypothesis that individuation motives can be induced through a shared group membership (e.g., a same-race face, a shared university affiliation), through a targets? behavior (e.g., an individual acting in a powerful manner), or even through egocentrism (e.g., a target being similar to the self). More importantly, these individuation motives are predicted to change how faces are processed. Individuated faces (e.g., SR faces) are predicted to elicit more attention and to draw attention toward identity-diagnostic regions of the face (e.g., the eyes). Finally, directly contradicting expertise models, the motivated origins of the CRE predict that under situations where individuals are motivated to perceive ingroups as homogeneous (e.g., identity threat) should actually reduce the ostensibly highly expert SR face processing and recognition. This targets a chronic, real-world social problem that typically disadvantages minority populations. The research outlined here will substantially graduate and undergraduate training by involving a diverse pool of graduate and undergraduate researchers. Finally, this motivated model of the CRE offers a novel means of reducing the potentially deleterious consequences of the CRE: individuation. The PI's plans to disseminate results of this research with potential real world impacts that will ultimately motivate perceivers to process information about others differently.