Clustered Star Formation on various scales. An extensive panchromatic stellar survey of star-forming galaxies in the Local Group with the Hubble Space Telescope

恒星形成于不同规模的群体中，并具有不同程度的引力自我约束。从小型致密星团到大型松散复合体，各种各样的恒星聚集在星系中的大多数年轻恒星上，并为其场提供恒星，在星系演化中发挥着重要作用。这个DFG项目将利用哈勃太空望远镜（HST）进行的三次独特的深河外恒星巡天，以解决各种尺度和环境下恒星形成和结构演化的基本问题。该项目的第一个资助期支持我对全色哈勃太空望远镜仙女座星系宝藏计划的贡献（PI：J. J. Dalcanton），关于仙女座星系有史以来最完整的恒星覆盖范围。虽然这项调查尚未完成，但部分调查的第一批数据在星系尺度上对集群星星的形成提供了显着的结果。应用的扩展将使该项目能够通过充分利用完整的调查参与仙女座星系的全球天体物理推断。它还将使我们能够进一步研究集群星星形成在各种环境中，并在广泛的时间和空间尺度，通过就业的数据从两个额外的HST财政部计划：（i）令人印象深刻的恒星形成区域的蜘蛛星云，将调查与数据从哈勃蜘蛛星云财政部计划（PI：E。Sabbi），和（ii）遗产银河系外紫外线调查（PI：D。Calzetti）将在本星系群的50个恒星形成螺旋星系和矮星系的5个波段中构建最完整的恒星巡天。 这些计划将通过将仙女座星系的发现扩展到恒星形成环境的特殊集合来推进DFG项目的科学影响。这个雄心勃勃的项目将与全球40多名同事合作，共同理解恒星形成的重要问题。该项目的直接目标是了解：（1）成团星星的形成如何在时间和空间上进行;（2）形成时哪些机制决定恒星结构;（3）所观察到的恒星团在大小、形状和致密性方面的差异是什么原因;（4）环境如何影响成团星星的形成及其随后的动态演变。来自所有三次深全色HST调查的河外恒星群的数据将大大推进这些主题在广泛的空间分辨率范围内的调查，从大麦哲伦星云的秒差距尺度，到仙女座星系的10秒差距尺度，再到更遥远星系的100秒差距尺度。在大量星系中分辨出的各种恒星种群将提供前所未有的样本，以彻底和一致的方式解决恒星结构的形成和演化。

Stars are formed in groups of various scales and with various degrees of gravitational self-binding. A large variety of stellar concentrations, from small compact clusters to large loose complexes, host the majority of young stars in a galaxy, and feed its field with stars, playing a fundamental role in galaxy evolution. This DFG project will utilize three unique deep extragalactic stellar surveys with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to address fundamental questions on the formation and the evolution of structures of stars on various scales and environments.The first funding period of the project supported my contribution to the Panchromatic Hubble Space Telescope Andromeda Galaxy Treasury program (PI: J. J. Dalcanton), on the most complete stellar coverage ever achieved in the Andromeda galaxy. Although the survey is not yet complete, first data on portions of the survey delivered remarkable results on clustered star formation at galactic scales. The applied extension will allow the participation of this project to the global astrophysical inference of the Andromeda galaxy through the full exploitation of the complete survey. It will also allow us to further investigate clustered star formation in a variety of environments, and across a wide range of time and spatial scales, through the employment of data from two additional HST Treasury programs: (i) The impressive star-forming region of the Tarantula Nebula, will be investigated with data from the Hubble Tarantula Nebula Treasury Program (PI: E. Sabbi), and (ii) the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (PI: D. Calzetti) will construct the most complete stellar survey in five wavebands of 50 star-forming spiral and dwarf galaxies in the Local Group. These programs will advance the scientific impact of this DFG project, by extending the Andromeda findings to an exceptional collection of star-forming environments.This ambitious project will comprehend important issues of the formation of stars in groups in collaboration with more than 40 colleagues worldwide. Direct objectives of the project is to understand: (1) How clustered star formation proceeds in time and space; (2) Which mechanisms determine stellar structure at the time of formation; (3) What is the origin of the observed variety in size, shape and compactness in stellar clusterings; (4) How the environment affects clustered star formation and its subsequent dynamical evolution. Data from all three deep panchromatic HST surveys of extragalactic stellar populations will significantly advance the investigation of these topics in a wide range of spatial resolutions, starting from parsec-scale in the Large Magellanic Cloud, to 10 parsec-scale in the Andromeda galaxy, to 100 parsec-scale, in more distant galaxies. The various stellar populations, resolved in a large collection of galaxies, will provide unprecedented samples to address stellar structure formation and evolution in a thorough and consistent way.