Reconciling Local Livelihoods with Global Production Networks in Yucatan, Mexico

近年来，随着学者和政策制定者寻求促进小规模生产者融入全球商品链的战略，农业食品生产和分销网络的转型已成为一个具有全球重要性的问题。为了概念化全球农业食品网络的结构和治理，评估相关的经济利益分配，并为改善小规模生产者的生计提供政策处方，研究人员和政策制定者采用了两种越来越有影响力的分析框架：全球价值链（GVC）分析和全球生产网络（GPN）框架。尽管存在重大差异，但全球价值链和全球生产网络方法都将参与全球生产和分配系统的好处以及相应的生计影响概念化，仅从经济价值的产生、增强（升级）和获取（分配）的角度来考虑。然而，全球南方绝大多数的小规模农业和畜牧业生产者同时陷入了另一种非市场的交换制度，他们的生计并非仅仅根据市场资本主义关系来界定。全球价值链和全球发展网络框架没有承认发展中国家农村生计的现实，呈现出一种单一的发展愿景，将价值视为特权，并含蓄地将小规模生产者描绘为萌芽中的小型资本主义企业。因此，全球价值链分析和全球粮食网络框架都有一个基本的概念和理论缺陷，从这些方法中得出的政策处方误诊了小规模生产者未能从与全球网络的整合中受益，并无意中将大多数小规模生产者排除在参与全球农业粮食系统的利益之外。该项目侧重于日本休闲食品生产商、贸易公司和消费者在墨西哥Yucatán智利哈瓦那辣椒生产和分销系统转型中的作用，以及由此对小规模生产者的生计产生的影响。该项目将从三个重要方面为全球生产网络的理论和实证文献做出贡献。一方面，通过关注Yucatán现有的生计实践以及其他非市场交换体系与全球生产网络之间的接口，而不是简单地将发展和生计与价值和理想化的单一市场资本主义形式等同起来，该项目解决了全球经济网络框架中的一个基本概念和理论缺陷。此外，日本休闲食品生产商和消费者的案例研究解决了GPN框架的另一个明显缺陷，即未能明确概念化最终消费者在转变全球生产网络结构和治理中的代理。此外，通过揭示政策框架如何为经济价值的产生、提高和获取提供特权，并无意中使小规模生产者边缘化，该项目将通过促进哈瓦那辣椒种植者与其他利益相关者之间的合作，为改善Yucatán的农村生计做出贡献。该项目还将有助于改变地方政策领域，以便在全球农业食品网络中为小规模生产者“腾出空间”。

The transformation of agrifood production and distribution networks has emerged as an issue of global importance in recent years as both scholars and policymakers have sought strategies to promote the integration of small-scale producers in global commodity chains. In order to conceptualize the structure and governance of global agrifood networks, assess the related distribution of economic benefits, and offer policy prescriptions for improving the livelihoods of small-scale producers, researchers and policymakers have employed two increasingly influential analytical frameworks: global value chain (GVC) analysis and the global production networks (GPN) framework. Notwithstanding important differences, both GVC and GPN approaches conceptualize the benefits of participation in global production and distribution systems, and corresponding livelihood implications, solely in terms of the generation, enhancement (upgrading), and capture (distribution) of economic value. However, the vast majority of small-scale agricultural and livestock producers in the Global South are simultaneously embedded in alternative non-market systems of exchange and their livelihoods are not defined solely in terms of market capitalist relations. In failing to acknowledge the reality of rural livelihoods in the Global South, GVC and GPN frameworks present a singular vision of development, which privileges value and implicitly portrays small-scale producers as embryonic small capitalist enterprises. As a consequence, both GVC analysis and the GPN framework share a fundamental conceptual and theoretical flaw and policy prescriptions drawn from these approaches misdiagnose the failure of small-scale producers to benefit from integration with global networks and inadvertently exclude the majority of small-scale producers from the benefits of participation in global agrifood systems.This project, focusing on the role of Japanese snack food producers, trading companies and consumers in transforming the production and distribution systems of chile habanero in Yucatán, Mexico and concomitant livelihood implications among small-scale producers, will contribute to the theoretical and empirical literature on GPNs in three important ways. On the one hand, by focusing on existing livelihood practices in Yucatán and the interface between alternative non-market systems of exchange and global production networks, rather than simply equating development and livelihoods with value and an idealized singular form of market capitalism, the project resolves a fundamental conceptual and theoretical flaw in the GPN framework. In addition, the case study of Japanese snack food producers and consumers addresses another perceived shortcoming of the GPN framework, its failure to conceptualize explicitly the agency of final consumers in transforming the structure and governance of global production networks. Furthermore, by revealing how policy frameworks which privilege the generation, enhancement and capture of economic value and which inadvertently marginalize small-scale producers, this project will contribute to improving rural livelihoods in Yucatán by promoting collaboration between habanero growers and other stakeholders. The project will also contribute to transforming the local policy arena in order to "make space" for small-scale producers within global agrifood networks.