RAPID: Collaborative Research: Airborne Lidar Scan of the 4 April 2010 Sierra El Mayor, Baja California Earthquake Rupture

地表破裂提供了地震中滑动分布的重要物理记录，是史前地震活动的主要记录。由于地表破裂的复杂性和分布性，传统的野外测绘和测量可能无法完全描述地表破裂的特征。史前地震的破裂也受到地表过程的影响，随着时间的推移，地表过程会使移位的特征变得平滑，并掩盖变形场的关键组成部分，比如地表的翘曲。该项目由美国国家科学基金会EarthScope项目和美国国家科学基金会国际科学与工程办公室美洲项目资助，用于获取2010年4月4日下加利福尼亚州最北端El Mayor - Cucapah地震地表破裂的高分辨率机载激光雷达地形。埃尔马约尔-库卡帕地震破坏了佩斯卡多罗斯-博雷戈断层系统，该断层与1892年发生过类似规模地震的拉古纳萨拉达断层相邻。为什么地震发生在它确实发生的地方，这对我们理解地震滑动和复发的物理学提出了一个重要的挑战。由机载激光雷达扫描产生的2010年和1892年地表破裂的几何形状的详细比较，对于评估这些地震之间的关系将特别重要。埃尔马约尔-库卡帕地震发生在一个极度干旱的沙漠环境中，那里几乎没有植被覆盖，从而掩盖了地震的破裂。因此，高分辨率的数字高程模型（~ 25cm分辨率）可以用当前的扫描技术（10点/平方）生成。M)，在近乎原始的状态下提供了这次地震地表破裂的高分辨率测量。这些数据跨越了最初通过空中和卫星侦察确定的断裂带至少500-1000米。数据采集和分析涉及众多学生，并加强了美墨地震科学合作。地面激光扫描数据以超高分辨率（1000个点/平方）覆盖了断裂的选定部分。m)将嵌入到机载数据中，并且将使用加州大学戴维斯分校KeckCaves设施开发的工具（http://keckcaves.ucdavis.edu/）实现无缝可视化和分析。这些数据，包括嵌入式地面激光雷达扫描，将使用OpenTopography设施（http://www.opentopography.org/）的现有基础设施立即提供给研究界。他们将极大地推动地震地质学的发展，并解决有关地震地裂缝的性质和保存的重要问题。对这次地震的反应加强了国际合作和教育机会。与墨西哥科学家的密切合作是应对埃尔马约尔-库卡帕地震的核心。所有数据收集和传播活动都将强调来自美国和墨西哥的学生。从地面破裂处收集的公开可用的激光雷达数据将为墨西哥科学家和学生提供利用这些图像数据的新机会，加强与美国科学家的新合作关系，这些合作关系已作为地震响应的一部分建立起来。

Surface ruptures provide a physically important accessible record of the distribution of slip in earthquakes and are the primary record of prehistoric seismic activity. Traditional field mapping and measurements may incompletely characterize surface ruptures due to their often complex, distributed nature. Prehistoric earthquake ruptures are also subject to surface processes that, over time, smooth out displaced features and mask critical components of the deformation field, such as warping of the land surface.This grant through the NSF EarthScope Program and the Americas Program of the NSF Office of International Science and Engineering supports the acquisition of very high-resolution airborne LiDAR topography over the surface rupture from the 4 April 2010 El Mayor - Cucapah earthquake in northernmost Baja California. The El Mayor - Cucapah earthquake ruptured the Pescadoros-Borrego fault system, which lies adjacent to the Laguna Salada fault that produced a similar-sized earthquake in 1892. Why the earthquake occurred where it did presents an important challenge to our understanding of the physics of earthquake slip and recurrence. Detailed comparison of the geometry of the 2010 and 1892 surface ruptures, engendered by the airborne LiDAR scan, will be especially important for assessing the relationship between these earthquakes.The El Mayor - Cucapah Earthquake occurred in a hyper-arid desert setting where little vegetation cover exists to obscure the rupture. Thus high-resolution digital elevation models (~25 cm resolution) may be generated with current scanning technology (10 points/sq. m), providing very high-resolution measurements of the surface rupture from this earthquake in a near-pristine state. The data span the rupture belt as identified by initial aerial and satellite reconnaissance by at least 500-1000 meters. The data acquisition and analysis involve numerous students and strengthen US-Mexico earthquake science collaborations. Terrestrial laser scanning data covering select portions of the rupture at ultra high resolution (1000s of points/sq. m) will be embedded in the airborne data and their seamless visualization and analysis will be enabled using tools developed at the KeckCaves facility at UC Davis (http://keckcaves.ucdavis.edu/). These data, including the embedded ground-based LiDAR scans, will be made immediately available to the research community using the existing infrastructure of the OpenTopography Facility (http://www.opentopography.org/). They will significantly advance the state of the art in earthquake geology and address important questions on the nature and preservation of earthquake ground ruptures.The response to this earthquake enhances international collaboration and education opportunities. Close collaboration with scientists in Mexico has been central to the response to the El Mayor - Cucapah Earthquake. All data-gathering and dissemination activities will emphasize students from both the United States and Mexico. Openly available LiDAR data collected from the ground rupture will provide new opportunities for Mexican scientists and students to work with this imagery data, strengthening new collaborative relationships with U.S. scientists that have been established as part of the earthquake response.