Karuk [kyh] and Yurok [yur] syntax and text documentation

该项目将分析和收集关于北方加州的两种土著语言Karuk [kyh]和Yurok [yur]的语法和文本的新信息;每种语言都有少数（老年）使用者。现有的学术文献仔细描述了两种语言的发音和构词模式，但话语和语序模式却相对较少受到关注。这个项目将通过与演讲者的合作，对现有的出版和未出版的文本（由几位语言学家在20世纪世纪收集）的分析，以及为两种语言创建句法注释文本语料库来研究这些主题。这个项目在科学上很重要，原因有三。首先，虽然土著加州是语言上的丹麦语和最多样化的地区，其规模在西半球，其语言大多没有被分析的句法细节。其次，在过去的1000-2000年里，邻近的卡鲁克和尤罗克之间有着密集的文化互动，但其语言影响尚未得到仔细研究。语言接触效应往往是特别突出的句法，初步的工作表明，这两种语言之间的句法对应关系将投下新的光接触引起的语言变化的机制。第三个原因是方法上的：建立“小”语言的句法注释语料库是非常不寻常的;结果有望向世界各地的研究人员表明，这种方法可以产生有趣的句法概括。更广泛地说，这个项目将直接有利于Karuk和Yurok语言学习。两个社区的学习者都有很好的词汇，发音和构词法知识。但他们不太熟悉其传统语言的独特句法模式，自然倾向于使用英语模式。这项研究将允许对学习者和教师有用的语法描述的写作，强调每种语言不同于英语的方面，并加强语言和文化的复兴。

This project will analyze and collect new information about syntax and texts in two indigenous languages of northern California, Karuk [kyh] and Yurok [yur]; each language has a handful of (elderly) speakers. Existing scholarly literature carefully describes the pronunciation and word formation patterns of both languages, but discourse and word order patterns have attracted relatively little attention. This project will investigate these topics through work with speakers, analysis of existing published and unpublished texts (collected by several linguists over the 20th century), and creation of syntactically annotated text corpora for both languages. This project is important scientifically for three reasons. First, while indigenous California was linguistically the densest and most diverse area of its size in the western hemisphere, its languages have mostly not been analyzed in syntactic detail. Second, over the last 1000-2000 years there has been intensive cultural interaction between neighboring Karuk and Yurok, but its linguistic effects have not been carefully studied. Language contact effects tend to be especially conspicuous in syntax; preliminary work suggests that the syntactic correspondences between these two languages will cast new light on the mechanisms of contact-induced language change. A third reason is methodological: it is highly unusual to build syntatically annotated corpora of "small" languages; the results are expected to show researchers throughout the world that this approach can yield interesting syntactic generalizations. More broadly, this project will be of direct benefit for Karuk and Yurok language learning. Learners in both communities have a good knowledge of vocabulary, pronunciation, and word formation. But they are less familiar with the distinctive syntactic patterns of their heritage languages, and naturally tend to use English patterns. This research will allow for the writing of grammatical descriptions that are useful for learners and teachers, emphasizing aspects of each language that differ from English, and reinforcing linguistic and cultural revival.