Collaborative Research: Processes and Patterns in The North American Monsoon Macrosystem

该项目的重点是研究地球气候系统中控制北美季风系统空间覆盖范围和逐年变化的过程，该系统支持从墨西哥中部到美国西南部的生态和人类系统。 这项研究将使用先进的计算机模型，将联合收割机天气预报与地面植物相关的生物过程相结合，以确定高度可变的季风降雨如何控制入侵草的传播，包括欺骗草和水牛草，以及这些入侵草的传播如何反过来影响季节性天气模式和季风系统本身。 其他方面包括对西南部树木年轮的分析，这将揭示季风强度和分布的历史模式，也可用于验证模型预测。 该研究还将探讨低海拔干燥草原和高海拔森林在野火周期方面的比较。 夏季降雨可能会影响火灾从草原到森林的蔓延，这项研究将有助于解释这种联系如何受到季风降雨变化的影响。 最后，将努力扩大对控制季风降雨的因素的了解，以包括气候的自然周期，例如与2至7年厄尔尼诺周期和太平洋十年期振荡有关的周期，这两个周期都影响太平洋的表面温度。 这是对季风雨与该地区生态系统耦合的根本原因的探索。 例如，一个主要目标将是探索确定季风系统空间范围的气候和生态力量的性质，以及确定其规模和长期变化的海洋过程和周期。 这个大型综合项目的参与者包括来自美国和墨西哥的生态学家和气候科学家，他们将在多个方面对科学和社会产生更广泛的影响。培养博士后6名，研究生7名。 一个发现研究员计划将通过树轮研究实验室创建，该实验室将雇用六名学校教师，包括来自纳瓦霍族的一些教师，他们将参与为西南部收集树轮档案。将建立一个程序，开发一个新的区域陆地表面计算机模型，该模型将由国家大气研究中心管理，并广泛提供使用。与墨西哥的双边合作将开始，其中包括每年与科学家和研究生的长期访问。 最后，将创建一个展示，描述夏季季风与美洲原住民群体和当代社会的相关性;它将在图森的生物圈2号中心展出，该中心每年接待约75，000名游客。

This project focuses on studying the processes in the earth's climate system that control the spatial coverage and year-to-year variation in the North American Monsoon System, which supports ecological and human systems from central Mexico through the southwestern United States. The study will use advanced computer models that combine weather forecasting with biological processes associated with the plants on the ground to determine how the highly variable monsoon rains control the spread of invasive grasses, including cheat grass and buffel grass, and the how the spread of these invasive grasses may, in turn, influence seasonal weather patterns and the monsoon system itself. Other aspects include the analysis of tree rings from across the southwest that will reveal historical patterns in the magnitude and distribution of the monsoons and also can be used to validate model predictions. The study will also explore how low elevation dry grasslands and high elevation forests compare with regard to cycles of wildfires. Summer rains are likely to influence the spread of fires from grasslands to forests and this study will help explain how this connection is influenced by variability in the monsoon rains. Finally, an effort will made to extend understanding of what controls monsoon rains to include natural cycles in climate, such as those associated with the two-to-seven year El Nino cycle and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, both of which affect surface temperatures of the Pacific Ocean. This is a search for the ultimate causes of the coupling between monsoon rains and the ecological systems in the region. For example, a main objective will be to explore the nature of the climate and ecological forces that define the spatial extent of the monsoon system, and the ocean processes and cycles that define its magnitude and long-term variation. The participants in this large and integrated project include ecologists and climate scientists working together, from both the U.S. and Mexico.This project will have broader impacts to science and society in several ways. Six post-doctoral students and seven graduate students will be trained. A Discovery Fellows program will be created through the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research that will hire six school teachers, including some from the Navajo Nation, who will be involved in assembling a tree ring archive for the southwest. A process will be established to develop a new regional land surface computer model that will be administered by the National Center for Atmospheric Research and made widely available for use. A bi-national collaboration with Mexico will be started that will include extended visits each year with scientists and graduate students. Finally, a display will be created that describes the relevance of summer monsoons to Native American groups and contemporary societies; it will be housed and shown at the Biosphere 2 Center in Tucson, which hosts about 75,000 visitors each year.