GOALI: Mapping of Charge Distribution on a Non-Uniformly Changed Toner Particle for Determining Fundamental Contributors of Adhesion Force

在存在静电效应的情况下，以可控的方式大块处理微米大小的颗粒并将大量颗粒沉积在基材上，是印刷和复印、制药、食品加工、粉末冶金、电子和半导体制造等各个行业中关键的通用工艺步骤。实验表明，以相同方式制备的颗粒与基体的附着力存在较大的差异。据推测，这种变化是由单个粒子表面的不均匀电荷分布引起的。为了验证这一假设，并了解导致不均匀电荷分布的潜在机制，有必要作为第一步确定单个粒子表面的电荷分布。该项目将开发在受控条件下确定单个碳粉颗粒上电荷分布的技术。滚动单个粒子所需的力将由两种技术决定：一种基于原子力显微镜（AFM），另一种基于声学。测得的力将用于估计在不同条件下的电荷分布。本研究项目中产生的新知识将有助于设计和生产新型节能乳液聚合碳粉和相关的粉末处理/沉积系统。通过在碳粉设计和开发阶段利用这项技术来降低成本、能源消耗和对环境的影响，是该计划对整个社会的主要好处之一。与传统的粉末状碳粉相比，乳液聚合技术每页可节省60-70%的能源。预计其采用将导致碳粉材料使用量、碳粉浪费和温室气体排放的大幅减少。该项目还包括一个强大的教育组成部分。该项目将通过提供工业实习来加强克拉克森大学的本科和研究生课程，并将支持一个国家资助的K-12教师暑期培训项目，以提高纳米技术的认识。学生和参与的教师将有机会与克拉克森和施乐的研究人员在实际相关的基础研究问题上进行互动和合作。

1066877PI: CetinkayaHandling micron-sized particles in bulk and depositing a large number of them onto a substrate in a controllable manner in the presence of electrostatic effects is a critical, general process step in various industries such as printing and copying, pharmaceutics, food processing, powder metallurgy and electronics and semiconductor manufacturing. Experiments show that there is considerable variation in particle-substrate adhesion force among particles prepared in an identical manner. It has been hypothesized that this variation results from non-uniform charge distribution on the surface of individual particles. To verify this hypothesis, and to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for non-uniform charge distribution, it is necessary as a first step to determine charge distribution on the surface of individual particles. This project will develop techniques for determining charge distribution on individual toner particles under controlled conditions. Force required to roll a single particle will be determined by two techniques: one based on the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and the other based on acoustics. The measured force will be used to estimate charge distribution under varying conditions. New knowledge generated in this research program will be useful in the design and production of novel classes of energy-efficient emulsion aggregation toner and associated powder handling/deposition systems. Reduction in cost, energy consumption and environmental impact through the utilization of this technology in toner design and development phases are among the chief benefits of the program to society at large. The emulsion aggregation technology offers 60-70% energy savings per printed page in comparison to the conventional pulverized toner. It is projected that its adoption will result in substantial reductions in toner material usage, toner waste and greenhouse gas emissions. This project also includes a strong education component. The program will enhance undergraduate and graduate curricula at Clarkson by providing industrial internships and will support a state-funded K-12 teacher summer training program for increasing nanotechnology awareness. Students and participating teachers will have opportunities to interact and work with researchers from Clarkson and Xerox in fundamental research problems of practical relevance.