CULTURAL PERSISTENCE AND RESISTANCE AT THE EDGE OF SALADO

在国家科学基金会的支持下，沙漠考古中心的威廉·多勒博士将研究是什么减缓或阻止了流行意识形态的传播。以前的沙漠考古中心（CDA）的研究重点是检测和评估卡耶塔从北方迁移到西南部南部的影响，就在欧洲人到达新大陆之前。卡耶塔移民是一个强大的少数民族，他们有着强烈的身份认同和具有传染性的意识形态，但这种意识形态和考古学家称之为“萨拉多”的新身份认同的传播是有限的。“以前的CDA研究已经成功地确定了采用这些新想法的当地团体，但现在的问题是：为什么一些当地团体对萨拉多说不？虽然重点是一个单一的考古现象的研究是重要的，因为这个案例研究有可能提供洞察文化接触的情况，从许多时间段在世界许多地方。由于考古学提供的年代深度，使研究者能够追踪相当长一段时间内的过程，本研究通过挖掘人类学文献中关于传统和/或土著群体抵抗外部影响的内容，探讨了两种可能的答案：1）当地群体可能足够孤立或边缘化，以至于他们与新意识形态的传播者接触有限; 2）地方团体可能会以不同程度的强度抵制可能与自己冲突的新意识形态的入侵。本研究从现代国家社会的案例研究中获得见解和模型，同时仔细考虑规模和质量差异的差异。它支持那些认为人类学必须是广泛的比较和概括的人。这个项目考察了萨拉多核心南部边缘以外的地方群体。至少他们中的一些人继续奉行古老的传统，较少受到世纪早期导致萨拉多形成的戏剧性社会变革的影响。研究小组将测量暴露强度和阻力沿沿着三个研究样带在亚利桑那州南部，穿越这一边界。据预测，向外移动沿着这些横断面将揭示更多的阻力和/或更少的接触萨拉多意识形态。当地群体将卡耶塔移民及其意识形态的威胁视为威胁，并以不同的方式抵制文化杂交。将利用现有的博物馆收藏品和从有限的挖掘中获得的样本来探索沿着每个样带的这种变化。与来自Tohono O 'odham Nation的经验丰富的文化专家团队的研究合作提供了一个独特的机会，可以超越考古方法来研究文化杂交的过程。拟议的研究在理论和实质性方面都取得了进展，因为它促进了广泛的比较人类学学科。例如，他者的概念在当今全球化的世界中是高度相关的。这项研究还涉及现代美洲原住民社区的历史，并揭示了西南部接触前人口的急剧下降。CDA的研究工作总是旨在受益，并与多个受众共享。该项目具有实质性的教育影响，与考古遗址保护计划挂钩，并与当地社区联系。Tohono O 'odham博物馆的后代社区合作者对这个项目充满热情，正如在这份声明中所指出的那样：“虽然博物馆预计将承载国家的遗产，但我们希望这个项目将有助于重新点燃关于当前宗教完整性的讨论长老，说书人，历史学家和活动家之间的祖先做法。"

With National Science Foundation support Dr. William Doelle from the Center for Desert Archaeology will examine the question of what slows or halts the spread of a popular ideology. Previous Center for Desert Archaeology (CDA) research has focused on detecting and assessing the impact of Kayenta migration from the northern to the southern Southwest in the period just prior to the arrival of Europeans in the New World. Kayenta immigrants were a powerful minority with a strong identity and contagious ideology, yet there were limits to the spread of this ideology and the new identity that archaeologists label "Salado." Previous CDA studies have successfully identified local groups who adopted these new ideas, but now the question is: Why did some local groups say no to Salado? Although the focus is on a single archaeological phenomenon the research is important because this case study has the potential to provide insight into culture contact situations from many time periods in many parts of the world. Because of the chronological depth provided such archaeological examples allow researchers to follow processes over considerable periods of time.By tapping anthropological literature on resistance to external influence by traditional and/or indigenous groups, this research explores two possible answers: 1) Local groups may be sufficiently isolated or marginal that they have limited contact with the purveyors of the new ideology; 2) Local groups may resist at varying degrees of intensity the incursion of new ideologies that might conflict with their own. This research derives insights and models from case studies from modern state societies while carefully considering differences of scale as well as qualitative differences. It sides with those who argue that anthropology must be broadly comparative and generalizing.This project examines local groups outside the southern margin of the Salado core. At least some of them continued to practice older traditions and were less affected by the dramatic social changes of the early 14th century that led to the formation of the Salado. The research team will measure the intensity of exposure and resistance along three research transects in southern Arizona that traverse this boundary. It is predicted that moving outward along these transects will reveal more resistance and/or less exposure to Salado ideology. Local groups perceived Kayenta immigrants and their ideology variably as a threat and resisted cultural hybridization in different ways. This variability along each transect will be explored using existing museum collections and samples obtained from limited excavation. Research collaboration with an experienced team of cultural specialists from the Tohono O'odham Nation provides a unique opportunity to move beyond archaeological methods to examine the process of cultural hybridization.The proposed research makes advances on both theoretical and substantive grounds as it promotes a broadly comparative anthropological discipline. For example, the concept of the Other, is highly relevant in today's globalized world. This research also addresses the history of modern Native American communities and sheds light on the dramatic pre-contact population decline in the southern Southwest. CDA research efforts are always designed to benefit and be shared with multiple audiences. This project has a substantial educational impact, is tied to a program of archaeological site protection, and reaches out to local communities. Descendant community collaborators at the Tohono O'odham Museum are enthusiastic about this project as indicated in this statement: "While the Museum is expected to carry the Nation's legacy, we hope that this project will help rekindle a discussion on current religious integrity versus ancestral practices among elders, storytellers, historians, and activists."