Collaborative Proposal: Polar Experiment Network for Geospace Upper-atmosphere Investigations -- PENGUIn: Interhemispheric Investigations along the 40 degree Magnetic Meridian

该奖项的首要目标是与其他协调企鹅项目一起研究多尺度、复杂的全球太阳风-磁层-电离层电动力自然系统，该系统可以影响空间和地面的各种人类技术系统。为了预测并因此减轻这种影响，有必要开发准确的太阳-地球系统物理模型，这是国家空间天气计划的主要目标。然而，由于缺乏足够的数据来验证全球模型，特别是在南半球，这一目标受到了阻碍。因此，在南极部署密集的地球物理仪器链使利用南半球和北半球的高时间和空间分辨率数据进行地磁共轭多仪器研究成为可能。这项调查的重要方面包括：(1)利用两极地区空间研究仪器操作员联合会的协作作用，扩大空间覆盖面和获取全球数据集；(2)在南极40度地磁经线沿线部署自主的低功率仪器系统，以改善联邦仪器阵列的空间分布；(3)通过卫星遥测近乎实时地获取南极远程站的测量结果。开发的技术可用于支持其他地球物理学科的测量项目。该项目的数据对几个具有国家重要性的重大研究计划非常重要，包括美国国家科学基金会的宝石和雪松计划，美国国家航空航天局的“与星共存”和THEMIS卫星计划，以及国家空间天气计划。这些数据集将通过万维网向世界各地的科学家提供，并存储在企鹅计划和THEMIS卫星数据库中。该项目将就所部署仪器的开发和操作以及空间气象科学调查对研究生和博士后进行培训。使用这些数据来验证空间天气模型可以为整个社会带来好处，因为它有助于保护各种导航、通信和防御技术免受严重空间天气事件的影响。

The overarching goal of this award is to study, together with the other coordinated PENGUIn projects, the multi-scale, complex global solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere electrodynamic natural system that can impact a variety of human technological systems in space and on the ground. To forecast and thus mitigate that impact, it is necessary to develop accurate physical models of the Sun-Earth system, which is a major goal of the National Space Weather Program. This goal is hampered, however, by the lack of sufficient data to validate global models, particularly in the Southern hemisphere. Therefore, deploying closely-spaced chain of geophysical instruments in the Antarctic makes possible geomagnetically conjugate multi-instrument studies utilizing data with high temporal and spatial resolution from both the Southern and Northern hemispheres. Important aspects of this investigation include (1) the utilization of a collaborative federation of space research instrument operators in both polar regions to improve spatial coverage and access to global data sets, (2) the deployment of autonomous low-power instrument systems along the 40 degree geomagnetic meridian in the Antarctic to improve the spatial distribution of the federated instrument arrays, and (3) near real-time access to the remote Antarctic station measurements through satellite telemetry. The developed technology could be used to support measurement programs in other geophysical disciplines. The project's data are important to several major research initiatives of national importance, including the NSF's GEM and CEDAR programs, the NASA's "Living With a Star" and THEMIS satellite programs, as well as the National Space Weather Program. The data sets will be made available to scientists worldwide via the World Wide Web access while stored in the PENGUIn program and THEMIS satellite databases. The project will train graduate students and post-docs with the development and operation of the deployed instruments, as well as with space weather science investigations. Use of these data to validate space weather models can provide benefit to society as a whole as it aides to protect various navigation, communications, and defense technologies from severe space weather events.